# 大学衔接二：长句分层而不是逐词硬译

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

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## 学习目标

1. 在带定语从句、名词性从句和非谓语的长句中提取主干。
2. 准确识别否定范围、比较对象及指代，分层译出逻辑。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

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## 核心讲解

长句的难度不在“长”，而在层级。做四步：①圈限定谓语；②用括号装入定语从句、插入语、介词短语；③恢复主干；④把限制条件接回去。不要先将每一个which都译成“哪一个”。

**The proposal [that the students submitted after the survey] suggests [that a room (which is now used for storage) should become a quiet study area].** 主干The proposal suggests that…；第一个that是定语从句中的宾语，修饰proposal；第二个that引导suggests的宾语从句；which指room。建议内容使用should become，不能把“建议改造”译成“已经改造”。

名词后的that不一定是定语从句：The claim **that the room is unsafe** needs checking. 后面是完整命题，解释claim的内容，that不在从句中作成分；The claim **that he challenged** was unsupported中，challenged缺宾语，that指claim并作宾语。

非谓语要检查逻辑主语：**Compared with last year's plan**, the new plan costs less. 被比较的是new plan；Walking into the library, **I** noticed the signs中，走进去的人是I。Walking into the library, **the signs** looked new会使修饰悬空。

否定不可丢：Not all students agreed意为“并非所有学生都同意”，不是“所有人都不同意”。The scheme is not necessarily cheaper是“不一定更便宜”，不是“一定不便宜”。A is no less useful than B表示A至少和B同样有用；不能看见less就译成较差。

比较必须同类：The cost of the new plan is lower than **that of** the old one. that代cost；不能拿“费用”与“旧计划本身”直接比。只有理解逻辑后，才分句译成自然中文。

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## 例题解析

**Although the survey, which involved only volunteers, found that students who used the room studied longer, it did not establish that the room caused the increase.**

让步从句主干the survey found that…；which补充样本范围。found的宾语从句主语是students，who used the room限定学生。主句主干it did not establish that…，it指survey。译为：“虽然这项仅让志愿参与者参加的调查发现，使用该房间的学生学习时间更长，但它并未证明是这个房间导致了学习时间增加。”限制样本、相关关系和否定结论三项均须保留。

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## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| proposal | n. 提议；submit a proposal |
| claim | n./v. 声称；a claim that…不等于已证实事实 |
| storage | n. 储存；used for storage |
| establish | v. 确立／证明；establish a relationship |
| necessarily | adv. 必然地；not necessarily不一定 |
| response rate | n. 回应率；a higher response rate |



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## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| clause | 分句；a relative clause | A relative clause can identify which report we mean. |
| modify | 修饰；modify a noun | The phrase modifies the noun before it. |
| finite | 限定的；a finite verb | Find the finite verb before translating the sentence. |
| subordinate | 从属的；a subordinate clause | A subordinate clause may need a main clause to complete the sentence. |
| restrict | 限制；restrict the claim | The phrase restricts the claim to one group. |
| qualify | 限定；qualify a statement | The final words qualify the earlier statement. |
| negation | 否定；the scope of negation | The scope of negation changes the meaning. |
| comparison | 比较；a fair comparison | A fair comparison requires similar objects. |
| contrast | 对照；in contrast to | In contrast to the first plan, the second needs no extra room. |
| embedded | 嵌入的；an embedded question | The embedded question uses statement word order. |
| precede | 先于；precede the noun | An adjective often precedes the noun it describes. |
| referent | 所指对象；identify the referent | Identify the referent before translating the pronoun. |
| conditional | 条件的；a conditional clause | A conditional clause tells us when the claim applies. |
| regardless | 不受影响地；regardless of | The claim does not apply regardless of context. |

<a id="practice"></a>
## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

提取主干：The books that the lecturer recommended at the start of the course are available online. 再指出that在从句中的作用。

### 2

区分两处that：The idea that the library should close earlier worries students. / The idea that she rejected was expensive. 哪个解释内容，哪个代替宾语？

### 3

翻译：Not all changes that save time improve the quality of the work.

### 4

改悬空结构：After reading the report, several errors became clear. 用we作动作执行者。

### 5

填一个代词：The response rate in this survey was higher than ___ in the earlier survey. 解释它替代什么。

### 6

翻译并说明不确定性：The results suggest that the new system may be helpful, but they do not prove that it will work everywhere.

### 7

词汇迁移：译：这个条件分句把结论限制在一组参与者，而不是所有人。

### 8

词汇迁移：译：在比较这两个观点之前，先确认代词的所指对象和否定范围。

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## 参考答案与解析

### 1

The books are available online. that代books，作recommended的宾语；at the start of the course是时间状语，不是谓语。

### 2

第一句that引导解释idea内容的同位语从句，the library should close earlier本身成分完整。第二句that引导定语从句并作rejected的宾语；was expensive是主句谓语。

### 3

“并非所有能节省时间的改变都会提高工作质量。”not all的否定范围是all，不能译成“所有节省时间的改变都不能提高质量”。

### 4

After reading the report, **we noticed several errors**. 也可After we read the report, several errors became clear to us；有限从句明示we后不会悬空。

### 5

**that**，替代单数名词短语the response rate。复数rates才用those。than that in…避免拿回应率与survey比较。

### 6

“结果表明新系统可能有帮助，但并不能证明它在所有地方都有效。”suggest弱于prove，may表达可能性；把may删成“肯定有帮助”或把everywhere删掉都会改变结论强度。


### 7

This conditional clause restricts the conclusion to one group of participants rather than everyone. restrict A to B；rather than对照范围。6分：条件/范围3，搭配2，句法1。

### 8

Before comparing the two claims, identify the pronoun's referent and the scope of negation. 祈使句的隐含you同时是comparing执行者；比较与否定不可遗漏。6分：三项信息3，搭配2，句法1。