# 大学衔接三：构词法与语境词性

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

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## 学习目标

1. 利用常见词缀提出词义假设，再用语境验证，而不机械拆词。
2. 在完整句中选择名词、动词、形容词和副词的正确形式。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

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## 核心讲解

构词法是线索，不是无条件的答案。re-常表示再次（rewrite），un-常表示否定（unclear），dis-可表示否定或相反（disagree），mis-表示错误（misunderstand）；-tion/-ment常构成名词（education, development），-able/-ive常见于形容词（reliable, effective），-ly常见于副词（carefully），但friendly是形容词，hard既可作形容词也可作副词，hardly意为“几乎不”。

### 从位置判断词性
The team made a careful **assessment**. 冠词a、形容词careful后需要可数名词单数。The team **assessed** the risks. 主语后需限定动词，并由上下文决定时态。The plan is **effective**. 系动词后需形容词。The team worked **effectively**. 修饰动作通常用副词。

| 词族 | 形态与例句 |
| --- | --- |
| decide | decide v.; decision n.; decisive adj. She made a decision after comparing the costs. |
| rely | rely v.; reliable adj.; reliability n. We need reliable information. |
| participate | participate v.; participant n.; participation n. Participation is voluntary. |
| develop | develop v.; development n.; developing作定语时可表示“发展中的”，如a developing economy；The project is still developing中的is developing则是现在进行时谓语。 |
| differ | differ v.; difference n.; different adj.; differently adv. The two groups responded differently. |

同一后缀不保证同一拼写变化：happy→happiness；possible→possibility；decide→decision。也不能见到in-就一律解释为“不”，如income并不是“not come”。遇到未知词，记录“词缀猜测+上下文证据+待核实义项”；没有证据时保留不确定性。

记词以可复用词块为单位：participate **in** an activity；rely **on** evidence；make a decision；differ **from**。只记participate=参加，仍可能误写participate the project。

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## 例题解析

句子：The organisers checked the ___ of the data before using it. 备选rely/reliable/reliability/reliably。

the后到of前要一个名词，语义是“数据的可靠性”，故reliability。不能仅因data是名词便选择形容词reliable；reliable data是正确词组，但此处the ___ of the data结构不同。

句子：Students who had worked **hard** found the test difficult; they could **hardly** finish it. 前者“努力”，后者“几乎不能”，不是同一意思的两种词形。

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## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| assessment | n. 评估；make an assessment |
| reliability | n. 可靠性；the reliability of data |
| participation | n. 参与；voluntary participation |
| decisive | adj. 决定性的；a decisive factor |
| misunderstand | v. 误解；misunderstand an instruction |
| unpredictable | adj. 不可预测的；unpredictable weather |
| hardly | adv. 几乎不；hardly enough |



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## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| affix | 词缀；a common affix | A common affix can offer a clue to meaning. |
| prefix | 前缀；a negative prefix | The negative prefix changes the meaning of the base. |
| suffix | 后缀；a noun suffix | A noun suffix can help us predict word class. |
| base | 基础形式；a word base | Keep the word base in view when adding a suffix. |
| formation | 构成；word formation | Word formation is useful, but context still matters. |
| function | 功能；function as a noun | A word may function as a noun in one sentence. |
| transformation | 转化；a grammatical transformation | The transformation changes form without changing the main idea. |
| possibility | 可能性；a possibility of error | There is still a possibility of error. |
| capable | 有能力的；capable of doing | The reader is capable of explaining the pattern. |
| productive | 有成效的；productive practice | Productive practice requires using words in new sentences. |
| applicable | 适用的；applicable to | The rule is not applicable to every word. |
| predictable | 可预测的；a predictable pattern | Some spelling changes follow a predictable pattern. |
| misinterpret | 误解；misinterpret a word | We can misinterpret a word if we ignore its context. |
| reconsider | 重新考虑；reconsider a choice | Reconsider the choice when the whole sentence makes no sense. |

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## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

填词形：The two methods are quite ___ (difference), but both can work.

### 2

填词形：We must assess the ___ (reliable) of the source.

### 3

填词形：She explained the process ___ (clear).

### 4

填介词：Students are encouraged to participate ___ the survey and rely ___ evidence.

### 5

选hard或hardly：He worked ___ all week, but he ___ had time to cook. 解释两空。

### 6

把“这次讨论帮助我们作出决定”译成英语，使用decision；再写一个使用decide的等义句。

### 7

看到unpredictable，拆出可识别部分并给出一个合理义项；为什么仍须读上下文？

### 8

词汇迁移：译：一个常见后缀可能帮助我们预测词性，但规则并不适用于每个词。

### 9

词汇迁移：译：如果忽视语境，我们可能误解这个词，因此应该重新考虑最初的选择。

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## 参考答案与解析

### 1

**different**。be后作表语、quite修饰形容词；difference是名词。

### 2

**reliability**。the…of结构需要名词，意为“可靠性”。

### 3

**clearly**。修饰explained的方式，不能用clear作此处方式状语。

### 4

**in; on**。participate in是参与，rely on是依靠；搭配须一起记。

### 5

**hard; hardly**。第一空“努力工作”，第二空“几乎没有时间”；hardly已带否定含义，不再加did not形成非预期双重否定。

### 6

The discussion helped us **make a decision**. / The discussion helped us **decide**. 若需要具体内容可加…which course to take。make a decision不可写do a decision。

### 7

un-否定，predict预测，-able可……的，故“不可预测的”。但具体可指天气、结果或人的行为，搭配与语气由语境决定；词缀只能建立初步假设。


### 8

A common suffix may help us predict word class, but the rule is not applicable to every word. may保留可能；applicable to固定搭配。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。

### 9

If we ignore the context, we may misinterpret the word and should therefore reconsider our first choice. if后现在时，may与should后原形。6分：条件/误解/复查3，搭配2，句法1。