# 大学衔接四：搭配、熟词生义与语域

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

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## 学习目标

1. 按搭配和语境区分常见词的多个义项及近义词。
2. 把口语化或夸大的句子改成得体、准确的书面表达。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

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## 核心讲解

会背汉语意思不等于会用。address可作“地址”，也可作动词“处理”：The report addresses the shortage of study spaces；issue可作“议题”，issue a notice则是“发布通知”；account可指账户，account for意为“解释／占比例”；charge a fee是收费，be in charge of是负责。阅读时先问词性，再问搭配，最后看篇章话题。

### 近义词不是任意替换
- **rise**是不及物：Prices rose. **raise**通常及物：The shop raised its prices. 过去式分别rose、raised。
- **affect**常为动词影响：Noise affects concentration. **effect**常为名词结果：Noise has an effect on concentration。本课不把少见动词effect混进基础选择题。
- **economic**与经济相关：economic growth；**economical**节省的：an economical heating system。
- **sensible**明智的；**sensitive**敏感的。a sensible plan与sensitive personal information不能互换。
- **provide somebody with something / provide something for somebody**；不能照中文写provide somebody something用于本课程的规范目标句。

### 语域与证据强度
给朋友留言可写Thanks for the info；给不熟悉的教师写邮件，可写Thank you for the information。正式不等于把简单词换成最生僻的词：use往往比utilise更直接；buy在普通说明中完全正确。

避免无证据绝对化：The system is perfect and will solve every problem应改为The system may reduce waiting times, although its maintenance costs need further review。修改不是“变长”，而是补出作用范围和限制。词语very good可在具体语境中改为clear、accurate、reliable，而非一律替换为excellent。

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## 例题解析

原句：This cheap plan will definitely fix all the students' problems.

cheap可能只表示便宜，也可能暗含质量低；若证据是“费用低”，可用low-cost。all the students' problems范围过大，先具体化到study-space shortage。若尚未实施，will definitely过强。改为：**This low-cost plan could help address the shortage of study spaces.** 没有删除对计划的支持，只把支持压到证据允许的程度。

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## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| address | v. 处理／回应；address a problem |
| issue | n. 议题；v. 发布，issue a notice |
| account for | 解释；占比例，account for half of the total |
| raise | v. 提高；raise prices，过去式raised |
| economic | adj. 经济的；economic development |
| economical | adj. 节省的；economical to run |
| sensitive | adj. 敏感的；sensitive information |
| access | n. 使用／获取机会；access to information |



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## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| register | 语域；formal register | A formal register does not require obscure words. |
| colloquial | 口语化的；a colloquial expression | The colloquial expression suits a friendly message. |
| neutral | 中性的；neutral wording | Neutral wording avoids an accusation without evidence. |
| polite | 礼貌的；a polite request | A polite request can still be direct. |
| appropriate | 合适的；appropriate for | The phrase is appropriate for an academic report. |
| connotation | 附加含义；a negative connotation | Cheap can have a negative connotation in some contexts. |
| literal | 字面的；a literal meaning | The literal meaning does not fit this sentence. |
| idiomatic | 地道自然的；idiomatic English | A clear collocation helps produce idiomatic English. |
| exaggerate | 夸大；exaggerate a benefit | Do not exaggerate a benefit that has not been measured. |
| understate | 轻描淡写；understate a difficulty | The phrase may understate the difficulty faced by users. |
| respectful | 尊重人的；a respectful tone | A respectful tone separates disagreement from personal criticism. |
| nuance | 细微差别；a difference in nuance | The two words share a broad meaning but differ in nuance. |
| assertion | 断言；an unsupported assertion | An unsupported assertion becomes no stronger when repeated. |
| word choice | 选词；careful word choice | Careful word choice keeps the claim within the evidence. |

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## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

选rise/raise并用过去式：The college ___ the fee, so the total cost ___.

### 2

选economic/economical：The report discusses ___ development; the new lamp is more ___ to run.

### 3

解释address：The guide addresses the needs of first-year students. 不是“地址”的哪个义项？

### 4

用provide改写：The library gives students free access to journals. 写两种结构。

### 5

改正式邮件句：Hey teacher, send me the stuff ASAP. 保留“请求课程材料”，不保留无理由的催促。

### 6

改准确表达：Our survey proves that everybody hates online courses. 已知只调查本班20名志愿者，12人表示更喜欢线下课。

### 7

填affect/effect：The change may ___ attendance, but its exact ___ is unclear.

### 8

词汇迁移：译：正式语域需要合适的选词和尊重人的语气，而不一定需要生僻词。

### 9

词汇迁移：译：中性措辞不应夸大好处，也不应淡化使用者遇到的困难。

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## 参考答案与解析

### 1

**raised; rose**。第一空有宾语the fee，第二空主语cost自行上升；两句为过去时。

### 2

**economic; economical**。前者讨论经济发展，后者评价运行是否节省。

### 3

address是及物动词“回应／处理／顾及”；句意“指南针对一年级学生的需求”。读为“给需求写地址”不合语义。

### 4

The library provides students **with** free access to journals. / The library provides free access to journals **for** students. access通常不可数，常搭配access to。

### 5

Dear Professor Chen, Could you please send me the course materials when convenient? Thank you for your help. 若并非教授，称谓改为对方已知合适称谓；“ASAP”不能在没有紧急理由时作为礼貌请求的默认结尾。

### 6

In a survey of 20 volunteers from our class, 12 said they preferred in-person courses. 这只报告样本及偏好，不等于“讨厌网课”，也不能推到everybody或因果prove。

### 7

**affect; effect**。may后需动词原形；its exact后需名词。


### 8

A formal register requires appropriate word choice and a respectful tone, not necessarily obscure words. not necessarily不等于绝不；三个名词块平行。6分：三项意义3，搭配2，句法1。

### 9

Neutral wording should neither exaggerate the benefits nor understate the difficulties users face. neither…nor后动词原形平行。6分：双方限制3，搭配2，句法1。