# 四级读写译五：同义改写与错误选项识别

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

<a id="goals"></a>
## 学习目标

1. 在改写时保持否定、数量、比较、条件和作者态度不变。
2. 说明原词重现的错误选项为什么仍可能不符合原文。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

<a id="core"></a>
## 核心讲解

同义不是“所有词都换掉”，而是命题保持一致。The service is free for local residents可改成Local residents do not have to pay for the service；不能写The service is free for everyone。The change reduced waiting times but increased costs可改为People waited less, although the service became more expensive；不能只保留减少等候。

### 四类常用变换
主动被动：Staff reviewed the plan → The plan was reviewed by staff。词性转换：The number increased rapidly → There was a rapid increase in the number。句式转换：Because the fee was high, fewer students joined → The high fee discouraged some students from joining（some与fewer不完全等量，若严格复述数量关系，仍用fewer）。上下义概括：buses and trains → public transport，在本文对象仅这两类时可用；不能反推所有公共交通都符合结论。

### 原创短文：Sharing a deadline
A writing tutor allowed students to submit an early draft one week before the final deadline. The draft was optional and received comments but no mark. Of the thirty students in the class, eighteen submitted a draft. Most of these students revised their introductions after reading the comments. Their final essays were, on average, clearer than the drafts.

The tutor welcomed the improvement but warned against a stronger claim. Students who submitted early might already have been more willing to revise. The comparison also involved two versions of their work, not two randomly selected groups. It therefore did not establish how much improvement was caused by the comments alone. Nevertheless, the drafts gave the tutor useful information about common difficulties, including unclear topic sentences and examples that did not support the main claim.

For the next course, the tutor planned to explain the purpose of the optional draft more clearly. Several students who had not submitted one said that they thought it would be graded. Correcting this misunderstanding might encourage participation, but the tutor did not intend to make early submission compulsory.

阅读原词“deadline”“comments”“compulsory”均可能出现在错误选项，必须核对它们之间的关系。

<a id="worked"></a>
## 例题解析

原句：The draft was optional and received comments but no mark.

正确改写：Students could choose whether to submit a draft, and it would receive feedback rather than a grade.
错误改写：Students had to submit an ungraded draft. no mark保留了，但optional被had to反转；只有部分词正确，整句仍错。

<a id="vocabulary"></a>
## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| optional | adj. 可选择的；an optional task |
| compulsory | adj. 必须的；compulsory attendance |
| draft | n. 草稿；submit a draft |
| feedback | n. 反馈，通常不可数；receive feedback |
| grade | n. 分数／等级；receive a grade |
| on average | 平均而言 |
| clarify | v. 澄清；clarify the purpose |
| discourage | v. 阻止／使气馁；discourage somebody from doing |



<a id="lexical-workshop"></a>
## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| equivalent meaning | 等同意义；preserve equivalent meaning | A paraphrase should preserve equivalent meaning, not merely repeat words. |
| implication | 暗含意义；an unintended implication | Replacing some with all creates an unintended implication. |
| qualification | 限定；retain a qualification | Retain the qualification that the result applies only to volunteers. |
| certainty | 确定性；a degree of certainty | May and must express different degrees of certainty. |
| tendency | 倾向；a tendency to | The group showed a tendency to choose shorter texts. |
| proportionally | 按比例；increase proportionally | The total did not increase proportionally with the number of users. |
| reverse | 颠倒；reverse the relationship | The distractor reverses the relationship between cost and demand. |
| omission | 遗漏；a serious omission | Leaving out the word not is a serious omission. |
| overgeneralise | 过度概括；overgeneralise from a sample | Do not overgeneralise from a small volunteer sample. |
| misleading | 误导的；a misleading paraphrase | The paraphrase is misleading because it removes the condition. |
| accurately | 准确地；summarise accurately | A short sentence can summarise the result accurately. |
| submission | 提交；early submission | Early submission was optional rather than compulsory. |
| criterion | 标准；an assessment criterion | Accuracy is one assessment criterion. |
| alternative wording | 替代措辞；acceptable alternative wording | Alternative wording is acceptable if the meaning remains intact. |

<a id="practice"></a>
## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

改写：Only students living on campus may use this room after ten. 保留only的范围。

### 2

选忠实改写：The service is not necessarily faster online. A. The online service is usually slower. B. The online service may not be faster. C. The online service offers a speed advantage to some users. D. The online service takes the same time as the other option.

### 3

短文中“18人交草稿”是否意味着其余12人从未写过草稿？说明。

### 4

将Their final essays were, on average, clearer than the drafts改写为一个比较句，保留平均意义。

### 5

为什么不能断言评语独自造成全部进步？列两个文中原因。

### 6

改写不准确之处：The tutor decided to require every student to submit a draft in the next course.

### 7

将The high cost prevented several students from joining改为because句；不得把several改成all。

### 8

词汇迁移：译：一个误导性改写可能遗漏限定条件，甚至颠倒原来的关系。

### 9

词汇迁移：译：准确概括时，我们应保留确定程度，不从少量提交材料过度概括。

<a id="answers"></a>
## 参考答案与解析

### 1

After ten, the room may be used only by students who live on campus. 或Students who do not live on campus may not use this room after ten。前者直接保留许可范围；后者只表达排除条件，若完整复述优先前者。

### 2

**B**。not necessarily=不一定。A增加usually这一频率判断；C肯定至少部分人会更快，原句未作此保证；D把不确定的比较改成确定相等。

### 3

不意味着。他们没有“提交”该可选草稿；原文没有说他们私下是否写过，submission不等于writing。

### 4

On average, their drafts were less clear than their final essays. 必须保留on average，否则会误暗示每个人都改善。

### 5

提前交稿者可能本来就更愿修改；比较的是同一人的前后稿而非随机选择的两组。原文因此不把全部变化归因于comments alone。

### 6

require every student与did not intend to…compulsory矛盾。应为The tutor planned to clarify the purpose of the optional draft without making early submission compulsory. “说明更清楚”是计划，不要写成已实施。

### 7

Several students could not join because the cost was high. 因果与人数范围保留；也可Because the cost was high, several students were unable to join。Because of the high cost表达也正确，但because of后接名词短语，不满足本题改为because从句的形式要求。


### 8

A misleading paraphrase may omit a qualification or even reverse the original relationship. may不表示必然；qualification这里是限定而非资质。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。

### 9

When summarising accurately, we should retain the degree of certainty and avoid overgeneralising from a small number of submissions. avoid后-ing；不增全体结论。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。