# 四级读写译六：审题、立意与写作提纲

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

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## 学习目标

1. 从任务中识别读者、目的、限制与文体，写出明确且可支持的中心观点。
2. 把观点分解为两条不同理由，并为每条安排具体支撑和限制。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

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## 核心讲解

写作先回答“我在回应什么问题”，不要先背万能开头。题目要求讨论大学图书馆是否延长开放时间，不能写成“读书的重要性”。划出任务动词（describe/explain/argue/propose）、读者和范围。本课侧重提纲练习，须按各题要求完成；教学篇幅要求不等于考试题目的官方字数。

### 一份可执行的四步提纲
题目：Should the college extend library opening hours during examination weeks?
1. 中心立场：The college should extend library hours during examination weeks, provided that staffing and safety can be arranged.
2. 理由一：部分宿舍环境不适合集中学习。支撑：共享房间有人早睡；安静空间提供替代。不编“90%学生宿舍吵”。
3. 理由二：考试周需求集中。支撑：晚间课程结束后仍有复习机会。与理由一一个谈环境，一个谈时间，避免同义重复。
4. 限制与方案：额外人手与成本，先试两周而非全年无限开放，记录使用率后评估。

中心句须可争论、可支撑、范围合适。Libraries are very important过泛；Every library must stay open all night forever过强且无必要。清晰不等于极端，可以支持有限方案。

### 从提纲到开头
弱：With the development of society, this topic has attracted more and more attention. 它几乎不提供任务信息。
强：During examination weeks, some students struggle to find a quiet place to study after evening classes. A short extension of library hours would help, if the college can provide adequate staffing.

### 自检
每段是否回答题目？两个理由是否真的不同？例子是可理解的情景还是虚构成真实统计？是否存在合理限制？结尾总结决定或下一步，不突然添加全新主要论据。

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## 例题解析

学生提纲：“I agree. Libraries are useful. Libraries are important. We should study hard.”

问题是两个理由重复且study hard离开政策问题。改为“安静环境—晚课后可达性—人手成本—考试周短期试行”。这样形成决定条件，读者能知道为什么支持、支持到什么程度。

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## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| thesis | n. 中心论点；a clear thesis statement |
| adequate | adj. 足够的；adequate staffing |
| provided that | 只要／条件是；引条件从句 |
| outline | n. 提纲；prepare an outline |
| support | v./n. 支撑；support a claim |
| constraint | n. 限制；a time constraint |
| outdated | adj. 过时的；outdated information |
| revision | n. 复习／修订；exam revision |



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## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| prompt | 写作题目；analyse a prompt | Analyse the prompt before choosing a position. |
| audience | 读者；the intended audience | The intended audience affects how much background to include. |
| purpose | 目的；a clear purpose | Every paragraph should serve a clear purpose. |
| position | 立场；state a position | State a position that the following reasons can support. |
| rationale | 理由；explain the rationale | Explain the rationale for the proposed change. |
| feasible | 可行的；a feasible plan | A feasible plan fits the available staff time. |
| proposition | 待论证主张；a central proposition | The central proposition should not change halfway through. |
| brainstorm | 构思；brainstorm examples | Brainstorm examples, then choose the most relevant one. |
| focus | 重点；maintain focus | Maintain focus on the requested decision. |
| scope | 范围；define the scope | Define the scope before making a broad claim. |
| constraint on time | 时间限制；a constraint on time | A constraint on time may require a shorter trial. |
| reasoning | 推理；explain the reasoning | Explain the reasoning between the example and the claim. |
| preliminary outline | 初步提纲；draft a preliminary outline | Draft a preliminary outline before writing complete paragraphs. |
| implementation | 实施；implementation costs | The proposal should consider implementation costs. |

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## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

任务“Write an email to the library manager proposing one change to room bookings”中，写作对象、目的和文体分别是什么？

### 2

改写空泛中心句：Online materials are good. 限定到复习使用，不绝对否定纸质材料。

### 3

判断两理由是否重复：A quiet library helps concentration. / A silent room allows students to focus. 怎样改出第二条独立理由？

### 4

给“应提供延长开放服务”写一条具体例子，不能编百分比或冒充真实调查。

### 5

为延长开放时间写一条让步句和一条可操作回应。

### 6

写一份四行英文提纲，主题是“Should first-year students receive a short guide to campus services?” 包含立场、两个理由及限制/执行条件。

### 7

词汇迁移：译：审题之后，先明确读者和范围，再提出能够用理由支持的立场。

### 8

词汇迁移：译：这个可行方案的理由应包括实施成本，而不只是一个吸引人的目标。

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## 参考答案与解析

### 1

读者library manager；目的propose one change（提出一项改变）；文体email。不能写成给同学的宣传海报，也不能只抱怨不提出方案。

### 2

Online materials can make revision more convenient, but students should choose the format that helps them concentrate. 具体到revision，保留可选性，不说所有人都更适合在线。

### 3

重复，都谈安静提高专注。第二条可改：Later opening hours would help students whose classes finish in the evening。谈时间可达性而非再次谈安静。

### 4

For example, a student who shares a small dormitory may need another place to review while a roommate is resting. may及假设性a student避免把想象冒充调查事实。

### 5

Admittedly, longer hours would increase staffing costs. To limit those costs, the college could test the arrangement during examination weeks only. 第一句承认成本，第二句用有限试行作回应；须针对同一问题，而非泛说“我们要努力”。

### 6

示例：The college should give new students a short, regularly updated guide. / It would help them find essential services quickly. / It could also explain which office handles common problems. / The guide should remain brief and link to current information rather than list details that soon become outdated. 评分10分：明确立场2、不同理由4、限制2、语言2；其他合理理由可接受。


### 7

After analysing the prompt, identify the audience and scope, then state a position that you can support with reasons. identify与state平行，that修饰position。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。

### 8

The rationale for this feasible plan should include implementation costs, not just an attractive goal. rationale for固定连接，成本是理由评估一部分。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。