# 四级读写译九：准确句法与分层修改

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

<a id="goals"></a>
## 学习目标

1. 修复一致、时态、非谓语、平行结构与标点错误。
2. 把修改分成内容、结构、句子和拼写四轮，避免只换高级词。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

<a id="core"></a>
## 核心讲解

写完先改内容再改句子：①是否答题、有无凭空数据；②段落关系、支撑是否充分；③每个句子是否完整、动词是否正确；④冠词、单复数、拼写标点。若观点不相关，先把good换成beneficial不会解决问题。

### 高频错误的机制
- 一致：Each of the students **has** a card；students是介词宾语，each决定单数。
- 从句：I do not know **why the room is closed**，间接问句用陈述语序，不写why is the room closed。
- 非谓语：We look forward to **receiving** your reply，此处to是介词；We hope **to receive** your reply中的to是不定式标记。
- 平行：The guide helps students **find books, reserve rooms and renew loans**。三个动作均为动词原形；不要find books, reserving rooms and to renew loans。
- 时态：Last week we **conducted** a survey；Since September we **have collected** fifty responses。since引过去起点，主句通常用现在完成时表达延续到现在。
- 被动：The report **was completed** yesterday。complete在此需要过去分词，被完成的report不执行动作。
- run-on：The plan is clear, it is expensive. 用but、分号或句号，不用一串逗号串独立句。

准确复杂句比不准确长句有价值。把一个句子分成两句完全可以；“高级”不要求所有信息塞入一个which从句。

<a id="worked"></a>
## 例题解析

原稿：Since September, our club collected thirty responses. Each of the responses show a different concern. We look forward to discuss them, the results can helps us plan activities.

改稿：Since September, our club **has collected** thirty responses. Each of the responses **shows** a different concern. We look forward to **discussing** them. The results **can help** us plan activities.

解析：has collected连接起点至今；each主语单数；look forward to后名词或-ing；句号修复拼接；情态动词can后原形。不能为追求花哨，把清楚的四句合成错误长句。

<a id="vocabulary"></a>
## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| parallel | adj. 平行的；parallel structure |
| conduct | v. 开展；conduct a survey |
| response | n. 回应；collect responses |
| concern | n. 关注／担忧；a common concern |
| loan | n. 借出物／借款；renew a library loan |
| source | n. 来源；compare sources |
| look forward to | 期待；to后接名词或-ing |
| proofread | v. 校对；proofread a draft |



<a id="lexical-workshop"></a>
## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| agreement | 一致；subject–verb agreement | Check subject–verb agreement after finding the main noun. |
| article | 冠词；an indefinite article | A singular countable noun often needs an article. |
| countable | 可数的；a countable noun | Suggestion is countable, unlike advice in this use. |
| uncountable | 不可数的；an uncountable noun | Equipment is normally an uncountable noun. |
| fragment | 残句；a sentence fragment | A dependent clause alone can become a sentence fragment. |
| comma splice | 逗号拼接；repair a comma splice | A conjunction can repair the comma splice. |
| run-on | 连写的；a run-on sentence | A run-on sentence joins clauses without an adequate boundary. |
| modifier | 修饰语；a dangling modifier | A dangling modifier can attach an action to the wrong subject. |
| parallelism | 平行结构；maintain parallelism | Maintain parallelism in a list of actions. |
| infinitive | 不定式；an infinitive phrase | The infinitive phrase explains the purpose. |
| gerund | 动名词；a gerund after a preposition | A gerund can follow a preposition. |
| proofreading | 校对；a proofreading checklist | A proofreading checklist helps catch repeated mistakes. |
| consistency | 一致性；tense consistency | Tense consistency does not mean using one tense for every meaning. |
| error log | 错题记录；keep an error log | Keep an error log with the cause of each correction. |

<a id="practice"></a>
## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

改错：Each of the rooms have a window.

### 2

改错：I wonder when does the library open.

### 3

填形式：We hope ___ (finish) soon and look forward to ___ (share) the result.

### 4

改平行：The course teaches students to compare sources, writing summaries and how to revise paragraphs. 用三个to后的并列动词。

### 5

选正确时态：We ___ (receive) twenty applications since Monday. Monday到现在仍属同一统计期。

### 6

将They completed the survey last week改成survey作主语，保留时态。

### 7

修改：The information are useful, it help us make a decision. 写两个正确版本。

### 8

一篇文章语法几乎正确，但没回答题目，应先增加高级词还是重做中心观点和提纲？说明修改顺序。

### 9

词汇迁移：译：这份校对清单同时检查主谓一致、残句和逗号拼接，而不只是拼写。

### 10

词汇迁移：译：记录悬空修饰语后，我用明确主语重写句子，并保持动作清单的平行结构。

<a id="answers"></a>
## 参考答案与解析

### 1

Each of the rooms **has** a window. each单数，不受rooms影响。

### 2

I wonder **when the library opens**. 间接问句陈述语序；一般开放安排用一般现在时。

### 3

**to finish; sharing**。hope to do；look forward to doing，第二个to为介词。

### 4

The course teaches students to **compare sources, write summaries and revise paragraphs**. 三项结构及功能相同。

### 5

**have received**。从Monday到现在的累计结果；we用have。若说“上周一收到20份”才是另一个过去叙事。

### 6

The survey **was completed** last week. last week保留一般过去时被动；不是has been completed last week。

### 7

The information **is** useful. It **helps** us make a decision. / The information is useful **because it helps** us make a decision. information不可数，is与it一致；逗号不可单独拼接两个独立句。

### 8

先重审题目、调整中心观点和提纲，再检查支撑与顺序，最后修语法拼写。无关但华丽的文字不等于完成任务；语言层修改不能代替任务完成。


### 9

The proofreading checklist checks subject–verb agreement, sentence fragments and comma splices, not just spelling. 三项名词并列，checklist单数checks。6分：信息3，词块2，一致1。

### 10

After recording the dangling modifier, I rewrote the sentence with a clear subject and maintained parallelism in the list of actions. after动作执行者I明确。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。