# 四级读写译十：汉译英的主语、语序与话题链

本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。

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## 学习目标

1. 把中文省略主语和连续话题改成完整英语句子，不机械照搬语序。
2. 用分句、代词和连接词保持段落关系，并接受多种准确译法。

3. 在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。

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## 核心讲解

中文常以话题起句：“这座图书馆，去年翻新后，多了自习座位，也方便了周边居民。”英语要为每个限定谓语安排主语。可写The library was renovated last year. It now has more study seats and is easier for local residents to use。不能写This library, after renovated last year, added seats and convenient residents。

### 四个决策
1. 谁执行动作？“近年来增加了……”若没给主体，可选地点/机构作主语或there be；不要臆造政府部门。
2. 什么是已知话题？首句引入a community library，后面用the library/it，别每句重起a library。
3. 信息怎样分组？中文长串可分两三句；“不仅……还……”可用not only…but also，也可自然用and，不必逐字套框。
4. 什么关系需要明示？原因用because/since；目的用to/in order to；结果用so；无因果证据不要凭空加therefore。

### 原创翻译材料
近年来，某社区把一间闲置教室改成了小图书馆。图书馆每周开放五天，为附近居民提供免费的阅读空间。许多老人来这里读报，学生则在放学后完成作业。为了方便上班族，社区计划每周增加一次晚间开放。这个计划仍需志愿者支持。

参考译文：In recent years, a community has turned an unused classroom into a small library. The library opens five days a week and provides local residents with a free place to read. Many older people come here to read newspapers, while students do their homework after school. To make the library more convenient for people who work during the day, the community plans to open it one evening a week as well. The plan still needs support from volunteers.

turn A into B表达改造；while表示两类使用者对比；plans to保留“计划”而非误作已实现；one evening a week as well说明增加一次，不是每天晚上。

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## 例题解析

原译：In order to convenient workers, will add opening at night once a week.

问题：convenient是形容词，不能当动词；will前没有主语；计划主体与频次不清。改：**To make the library easier for working people to use, the community plans to add one evening session each week.** 另可For the convenience of working residents, the community plans to…。“上班族”无需用艰深单词；working people足够。

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## 本课词汇与搭配

下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。

| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
| --- | --- |
| renovate | v. 翻新；renovate a library |
| unused | adj. 闲置的；an unused classroom |
| resident | n. 居民；local residents |
| convenience | n. 便利；for the convenience of… |
| turn into | 把……变成；turn a room into a library |
| in order to | 为了；后接动词原形 |
| book-lending desk | 借书服务台 |
| volunteer | n./v. 志愿者／自愿做；support from volunteers |



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## 词汇工坊

本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。**理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移**是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。

| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| translation | 翻译；an accurate translation | An accurate translation preserves the relationships between ideas. |
| source text | 原文；check the source text | Check the source text before adding a time expression. |
| target language | 目标语言；natural target-language syntax | Natural target-language syntax may require a different word order. |
| restructure | 重组；restructure a sentence | Restructure a long sentence when it contains several distinct actions. |
| implied | 隐含的；an implied subject | The English version may need to state the implied subject. |
| omit | 省略；omit a repeated subject | Chinese may omit a repeated subject more readily than English. |
| restore the subject | 补出主语；restore the subject | Restore the subject before choosing the English verb. |
| word order | 语序；adjust word order | Adjust word order without changing the emphasis unnecessarily. |
| idiom | 习语；avoid a literal idiom translation | A literal translation of an idiom may be confusing. |
| readability | 可读性；improve readability | Dividing the sentence can improve readability. |
| equivalence | 等值；functional equivalence | Equivalence does not require the same number of words. |
| semantic | 语义的；semantic accuracy | Semantic accuracy matters more than using a rare word. |
| logical subject | 逻辑主语；identify the logical subject | Identify the logical subject of the opening phrase. |
| coherent paragraph | 连贯段落；write a coherent paragraph | Consistent reference helps create a coherent paragraph. |

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## 练习

先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。

### 1

译：“这项服务，去年推出后，受到了许多学生欢迎。” 可分两句，不增“所有”。

### 2

译：“为了减少等待时间，图书馆增加了一个借书窗口。” 保留目的，不说已经证实减少。

### 3

改错：The library provides residents a place for reading. 写本课规范搭配。

### 4

材料中“学生则……”的“则”应表达因果还是对比？给一个合适连接词。

### 5

译：“居民不必购买任何东西就可以使用这个空间。” 用without或do not have to。

### 6

独立重译整段原创材料，再按20分表评分；至少写出“免费阅读空间”或“增加一次晚间开放”的一种替代译法。

### 7

词汇迁移：译：为了保持语义准确，译者应核对原文，并在目标语言中补出隐含主语。

### 8

词汇迁移：译：调整语序和重组句子可以提高可读性，但不能随意省略重要信息。

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## 参考答案与解析

### 1

The service was introduced last year. It has become popular with many students. 或Introduced last year, the service has been welcomed by many students。前者自然表达逐渐获得欢迎；必须保持many而非all。

### 2

To reduce waiting times, the library added another book-lending desk. 也可The library added another lending desk in order to shorten waiting times。目的不等于已经测得结果，所以不要改成This reduced waiting times by half。

### 3

The library provides residents **with** a place to read. / The library provides a place to read **for** residents. to read比for reading在此更简洁自然。

### 4

对比，可用**while**；and也可表达两类人的活动，但while更明确。不用therefore，因为老人读报不是学生做作业的原因。

### 5

Residents can use the space **without buying anything**. / Residents **do not have to buy anything** to use the space. anything搭配否定/without；不用don’t have to buy nothing。

### 6

参考译文见讲解，合理变体：a free reading space；add one evening session each week。20分评分：五项信息各2分共10（改造、五天/免费、两类活动、计划/每周一次、志愿者支持）；句法主语与时态4；词汇搭配3；段落连接2；拼写标点1。漏plan而写已开放，扣对应信息点；不因未逐字采用范文扣分。


### 7

To preserve semantic accuracy, the translator should check the source text and state the implied subject in the target language. state与check平行；不把隐含主语自行变为新人物。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。

### 8

Adjusting word order and restructuring sentences can improve readability, but important information must not be omitted without reason. 两个-ing并列主语，后用被动表达信息不能被删。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。