# 13 选择性必修衔接：完成、进行与过去参照点

> 建议位置：高2·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 区别完成结果与持续过程并识别状态动词限制
- 使用过去完成、完成进行与将来进行表达参照关系
- 读懂过去进行/过去完成被动而不堆叠助动词
- 在“科学探究、测量与变化”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

本课把基础时态与选择性必修层级衔接；完成进行、将来进行及较复杂被动不应当作每位高一新生已掌握的先修。
### 1. 结果与过程不是“做完/没做完”的绝对二分
I have written three pages 强调产出；I have been writing for two hours 强调过程，可能还在继续，也可能刚停。完成进行不保证动作永远未完成。know/own/believe 等状态动词在通常义下不轻易用进行形式；think 表“考虑”时可进行，表“认为”时常为状态。
### 2. 过去与未来也需要参照点
She had worked there for ten years when the lab closed：过去参照点之前的经历。She had been working all night, so she was tired：强调此前持续过程（本句作拓展理解）。At this time tomorrow, we will be travelling to the site：将来某时的进行过程，不等于所有未来计划都须用将来进行。
### 3. 看清助动词链
The road **was being repaired** when we arrived（过去某刻正在被修）；The road **had been repaired** before we arrived（过去参照点前已修完）。be 的相应形式承载时态/体，末尾 repaired 是实义过去分词。别把 had been repaired 与 had repaired 混淆，后者主语需实施修理。

### 4. 过去视角中的未来与转述
She said that she would return the following day：would return是相对于said的将来，不等于本句在现在做承诺。She was going to call, but her phone failed：过去的计划不保证实现。转述常把时态后移，但仍成立的事实可保留现在时，不能机械改一切动词；代词和today/tomorrow要依据转述时间和人物关系调整。直接引语‘Where do you live?’转述为She asked where I lived，嵌入问句用陈述语序。

### 主题词汇拓展：科学探究、测量与变化

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|ongoing|adj.|持续进行的|an ongoing project|
|output|n.|产出|research output|
|accumulate|v.|积累|accumulate evidence|
|interval|n.|间隔|at regular intervals|
|duration|n.|持续时间|the duration of a trial|
|progress|n./v.|进展|make progress|
|recently|adv.|最近|recently completed|
|previous|adj.|先前的|previous experience|
|permanent|adj.|永久的|a permanent change|
|temporary|adj.|临时的|temporary accommodation|
|restore|v.|恢复；修复|restore the system|
|monitor|v./n.|监测；监视器|monitor temperature|
|hypothesis|单词|假设|test a hypothesis|
|experiment|单词|实验|design an experiment|
|observation|单词|观察|systematic observation|
|measurement|单词|测量|repeat a measurement|
|instrument|单词|仪器|calibrate an instrument|
|calibrate|单词|校准|calibrate a sensor|
|sample|单词|样本|a representative sample|
|control group|短语|对照组|include a control group|
|trial|单词|试验|a controlled trial|
|variable|单词|变量|control a variable|
|constant|单词|恒定的；常量|keep temperature constant|
|parameter|单词|参数|adjust a parameter|
|baseline|单词|基线|establish a baseline|
|trend|单词|趋势|a long-term trend|
|fluctuation|单词|波动|daily fluctuations|
|stable|单词|稳定的|remain stable|
|gradual|单词|逐渐的|a gradual increase|
|rapid|单词|迅速的|rapid growth|
|accelerate|单词|加速|accelerate a reaction|
|decline|单词|下降|a gradual decline|
|peak|单词|峰值|reach a peak|
|plateau|单词|平台期；趋平|reach a plateau|
|proportion|单词|比例|a higher proportion|
|correlation|单词|相关关系|a correlation between variables|
|causation|单词|因果关系|establish causation|
|replicate|单词|重复验证|replicate an experiment|
|verify|单词|核实|verify a result|
|estimate|单词|估计|estimate the range|
|margin|单词|余量；幅度|a margin of error|
|uncertainty|单词|不确定性|measurement uncertainty|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：科学探究、测量与变化

The team had established a baseline before changing the temperature. During the trial, one parameter was adjusted while others were kept constant. The readings rose rapidly, reached a peak and then began to decline. A second trial showed a similar trend but larger fluctuations. The researchers therefore reported a range rather than an exact universal value. They had observed a correlation, but further work was needed to test whether the same mechanism explained both trials.

## 例题解析

**例 1** I have read the article twice / I have been reading the article for an hour. 前者计数、强调完成阅读的次数；后者计时、突出持续过程。若问题是“How many times?”，第二句不能直接回答次数。

**例 2** By 5 p.m. yesterday, all the samples had been labelled. 先确定过去截止点，再确定样品接受贴标，故 had + been + labelled。

**例 3** She is thinking about the offer 不等于 She thinks the offer is fair；前者是考虑过程，后者为观点。

## 练习

1. 选择并解释：I (have written / have been writing) four emails this morning. 本句目的为汇报已完成数量。

2. 填词：By the time the exhibition opened, all the paintings ___ (hang) on the walls.

3. 填词：At nine yesterday, the equipment ___ (test), so the room was closed. 突出当时正在检测。

4. 改错：I have been knowing this rule since last year.

5. 用将来进行时说明：明天下午两点，我们将在前往研究站的路上。

6. 写两句对比：你最近一直在研究本地历史；你已完成三次采访。解释每句时态选择。

7. 【过去视角】周一Mei对你说‘I will send you the file tomorrow.’ 周三你向别人报告且仍指原来计划，改为间接引语。再解释该句是否证明她已经发送。

8. 【主题词汇·辨义】根据语境填：①起点比较标准=___；②变量间一起变化但未必因果=___；③仪器读数前校准=___；④达到最高值=reach a ___。

9. 【主题词汇·迁移】用过去完成和过去进行各写一句实验记录，含baseline、measurement、constant中至少两个词。

## 参考答案与解析

1. have written。four emails 是完成数量；have been writing 不适合直接汇报这些邮件已完成。若强调写作过程可改为 have been writing emails all morning，但不保证完成四封。

2. had been hung。展览开放前已悬挂，过去完成被动；hang 在此分词 hung。

3. was being tested。过去九点的进行中被动，equipment 为不可数名词，用 was。

4. I have known this rule since last year. know 是此处的状态动词，通常不用完成进行。

5. At two tomorrow afternoon, we will be travelling to the research station. 亦可用 will be on our way，但该表达不是将来进行时本身；本题需体现 will be travelling。

6. I have been researching local history recently. I have completed three interviews. 前句强调近期持续过程，后句强调三个完成产出。内容和时态一致即可，不把完成进行解释成绝对尚未停止。

7. Mei said that she would send me the file the next/following day. she指Mei，me对应原you（报告者本人），would是相对周一的未来，the next day指周二。该句仅转述承诺/计划，不证明已发送；若要确认完成须额外证据。也可明确写on Tuesday，避免日期歧义。

8. baseline；correlation；calibrate；peak。correlation不能直接替换causation；baseline不一定为零；peak是相对当前序列的最高点，不保证永久记录。

9. 示例：The team had established a baseline before the trial began. While the researchers were taking measurements, they were keeping the room temperature constant. 要点：参照点明确；measurements可数复数；不把同一动作任意套完成式。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm