# 23 完形填空：情节约束、语义场和搭配

> 建议位置：高2·下；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 用篇章情节约束局部选词而非逐空孤立猜测
- 区分近义词在搭配和叙事逻辑中的差异
- 在完整15空语篇中回读验证人物变化
- 在“工具、维修与循环使用”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

完形填空同时考查语篇理解和词汇运用。先通读确定人物、目标、障碍和变化；暂时保留不确定空；再利用固定搭配、情绪递进、因果和复现逐一缩小范围。不要假定所有故事都必须“从失败到获奖”，只尊重当前故事。

本篇15空，每空四选一。解题时先选出能同时满足语法、搭配和情节的项，再回读检验：第3空必须与后来不愿开口相连，第8空是行动转折，第15空回扣人物认识。最后一道题要求总结证据，不计入15空的选择分数。

### 主题词汇拓展：工具、维修与循环使用

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|repair|v./n.|修理|repair a bag|
|clasp|n.|扣子；锁扣|a broken clasp|
|strap|n.|带子|a shoulder strap|
|gesture|n.|动作；姿态|notice a gesture|
|replacement|n.|替换物|a replacement part|
|worn|adj.|磨损的|a worn component|
|component|n.|部件|replace a component|
|hesitate|v.|犹豫|hesitate to ask|
|patient|adj.|耐心的|a patient volunteer|
|relieved|adj.|如释重负的|feel relieved|
|recognise|v.|认识到；识别|recognise a limit|
|confidence|n.|信心|build confidence|
|screw|单词|螺钉|tighten a screw|
|bolt|单词|螺栓|remove a bolt|
|nut|单词|螺母|secure a nut|
|hinge|单词|铰链|replace a hinge|
|lever|单词|杠杆；把手|pull a lever|
|clamp|单词|夹具|hold with a clamp|
|pliers|单词|钳子|a pair of pliers|
|wrench|单词|扳手|use a wrench|
|screwdriver|单词|螺丝刀|choose a screwdriver|
|adhesive|单词|黏合剂；黏的|apply an adhesive|
|lubricant|单词|润滑剂|use a suitable lubricant|
|joint|单词|连接处|inspect a joint|
|handle|单词|把手|a loose handle|
|socket|单词|插口|a power socket|
|circuit|单词|电路|an electrical circuit|
|mechanical|单词|机械的|a mechanical fault|
|fault|单词|故障|locate a fault|
|malfunction|单词|失灵|a device malfunction|
|wear and tear|短语|正常磨损|signs of wear and tear|
|spare part|短语|备件|order a spare part|
|dismantle|单词|拆卸|dismantle a model|
|reassemble|单词|重新组装|reassemble the frame|
|tighten|单词|拧紧|tighten a joint|
|loosen|单词|松开|loosen a screw|
|align|单词|对齐|align the edges|
|restore|单词|修复|restore a chair|
|refurbish|单词|翻新|refurbish furniture|
|salvage|单词|抢救利用|salvage usable materials|
|reuse|单词|重新使用|reuse a container|
|circular economy|短语|循环经济|support a circular economy|


## 阅读材料

### Original 15-gap cloze: At the Repair Table
Leo took his old schoolbag to a community repair café, where volunteers helped people [1] everyday objects. The clasp was [2], so the bag would not stay closed. At the door, he felt [3] about showing it to strangers.

“Bring it over,” a woman said. It sounded like an [4], not a demand. She [5] the way he held the broken strap, as if he were trying to [6] it. Leo hoped he could watch [7] and leave without explaining much.

Then the woman showed him how to remove one small screw. The task looked less mysterious than he had imagined. He [8] to ask, “Could I try the next one?” She was [9] to explain and waited while he worked. Together they [10] the worn clasp with a part from a box of spare pieces.

The bag was not new, but it was [11] again. Leo thanked the volunteer for being so [12] when his first attempt failed. She smiled and said she had needed several attempts when she first learned the same skill.

As he left, Leo realised he was [13] her for more than a repaired bag. He had gained some [14] in asking questions. Not every object at the café could be fixed; one visitor was told that a needed part was no longer available. Still, Leo had learned that progress often begins when people [15] what they do not yet know.

### 主题词汇语境：工具、维修与循环使用

At a supervised repair session, visitors learned the names of common tools and inspected a chair with a loose joint. The volunteer used a clamp to hold the frame while explaining how the parts aligned. Some wear and tear could be repaired, but a missing spare part prevented another item from being restored that day. Reuse was a goal, not a reason to ignore faults. Electrical devices were referred to qualified staff rather than opened by untrained visitors.

## 例题解析

**独立例** The box was heavy, so we decided to ___ it together. carry/dismiss/measure/ignore 中 carry 最自然。不是因为 heavy 永远跟 carry 搭配，而是“重→共同搬”的因果成立。若后文写“to find its exact weight”，measure 才可能更合适；全文优先于词对。

## 练习

1. [1] A. borrow B. repair C. launch D. cancel

2. [2] A. damaged B. ordinary C. valuable D. separate

3. [3] A. careless B. relieved C. eager D. embarrassed

4. [4] A. warning B. invitation C. instruction D. permission

5. [5] A. noticed B. counted C. invented D. removed

6. [6] A. hide B. waste C. earn D. share

7. [7] A. gradually B. proudly C. immediately D. silently

8. [8] A. decided B. remembered C. pretended D. refused

9. [9] A. willing B. impatient C. absent D. familiar

10. [10] A. advertised B. ignored C. replaced D. folded

11. [11] A. useful B. perfect C. impossible D. dangerous

12. [12] A. expensive B. formal C. distant D. patient

13. [13] A. apologising B. thanking C. competing D. blaming

14. [14] A. permission B. profit C. confidence D. speed

15. [15] A. avoid B. control C. hide D. recognise

16. 用中文写出 Leo 心理变化的三个阶段，各找一个行为证据；解释为什么文章不等于“只要努力任何物品都能修好”。

17. 【主题词汇·辨义】区分tighten/loosen、dismantle/reassemble、reuse/recycle：各对给中文意义，并说明为何维修前要identify the fault而不是随便拆。

18. 【主题词汇·迁移】写两句过去时维修记录，使用joint、spare part、restore中的两词；若没有备件，应诚实记录未完成，而非声称已修好。

## 参考答案与解析

1. B repair。repair café 是协助维修物品的场景，后文 broken、screw、fixed 反复支持；launch发起、borrow借入、cancel取消不合目的。

2. A damaged。锁扣坏了，物件受损；valuable 虽可能但未交代价值，cannot stay closed 直接支持 damaged。

3. D embarrassed。陌生群体前展示破损物让他尴尬，后文想沉默观看以及想藏包呼应；eager/relieved 与退缩不合。

4. B invitation。“Bring it over”是邀请他把包拿过去，不是说明维修步骤、请求许可或危险警告。

5. A noticed。观察者看出他扣带的动作；invented不是观察，removed/counted与 gesture 不自然。

6. A hide。前文 embarrassed，想不引人注意地藏住受损带；share/earn/waste不合宾语和情节。

7. D silently。他希望不必解释，故沉默地观看；proudly与不安相反，其他项无相应时间依据。

8. A decided。看到简单示范后作出提问决定，是转折。remembered需有既往提问记忆；refused与随后直接问句冲突；pretended无证据。

9. A willing。be willing to explain 表愿意解释，后文耐心示范支持；impatient会与后文矛盾，familiar常接with，absent与在场动作不符。

10. C replaced。磨损部件换成零件盒中的新件；folded折叠、ignored忽略、advertised宣传都不能修复锁扣。

11. A useful。包可重新使用，useful准确对应恢复功能；perfect声称完美，文本没有充分支持；dangerous/impossible不合修好结果。

12. D patient。重复示范且等待他尝试，表现耐心；expensive不描述这种教学态度，distant/formal无证据。

13. B thanking。Leo因帮助和耐心而感谢；blaming责备、competing竞争、apologising道歉不合句式和原因。

14. C confidence。获得的不只是修好的包，还有敢于提问和尝试的自信；permission/profit/speed不概括变化。

15. D recognise。结尾认为求助不是缺陷而是学习开始，需要认识/承认不知道之处；avoid/hide与接受求助的主题相反，control不合意义。

16. 阶段：羞于求助（抓紧坏带、想沉默观看）→主动提问（问是否可以自己试）→敢于暴露未知（意识到承认不足能开始学习）。文章写一个包被修复，并不保证所有物品可修；结尾还提到有人被告知零件无法更换，明确限制。可按三个阶段各2分、限制解释2分评价。

17. tighten拧紧、loosen松开；dismantle拆卸、reassemble重新组装；reuse重新使用物品，recycle常指材料回收加工。先识别故障有助于判断适当处理与安全限制；本文不是电器维修操作指南。

18. 示例：The volunteer inspected the damaged joint, but the required spare part was not available. The chair was labelled for later assessment rather than described as fully restored. 要点：状态真实；被动与过去时正确；没有用万能胶等未经授权危险操作细节。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm