# 26 词义不能只背中文：多义、短语动词与语域

> 建议位置：高3·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 用句法和语境区分常见词多义及搭配
- 正确处理短语动词的可分性和代词位置
- 选择适合正式说明与日常消息的词语
- 在“消费、饮食与常见动词的语境义”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

### 1. 多义词靠结构识别
charge a fee（收费）、charge a battery（充电）、be in charge of（负责）；issue a statement（发布）、a safety issue（问题）、the latest issue（期刊一期）；address a problem（处理）、an email address（地址）。不要把同一中文义套给所有搭配。阅读中遇到熟词生义，先用上下句换成简单英文释义。
### 2. 短语动词不是随意“动词+小词”
put off a meeting = postpone；carry out a survey = conduct；work out a solution = find by reasoning；turn down an offer = reject。可分的及物短语动词遇代词通常把代词放中间：turn it down，不写 turn down it。look after 属介词型，不写 look the child after；look forward to 后接名词或doing。
### 3. 语域和语气
get、thing 并非永远低级，但正式报告往往需要明确：obtain data、an unresolved issue。terminate 比 end 更正式，也更强硬，不适合所有场景。cheap 有时带质量低联想，affordable 强调可负担；economic（经济的）与 economical（节省的）不同。
### 4. 近义词按宾语区分
raise a question / rise slowly；offer advice / suggest a solution；do research / make progress。词汇学习单位应是义项加搭配；不要用罕见同义词替换已准确的普通词。

### 主题词汇拓展：消费、饮食与常见动词的语境义

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|charge|v./n.|收费；充电；费用|charge a fee|
|issue|n./v.|问题；发布|address an issue|
|address|v./n.|处理；地址|address a concern|
|affordable|adj.|可负担的|affordable transport|
|economical|adj.|节省的|an economical option|
|economic|adj.|经济的|economic development|
|obtain|v.|获得|obtain permission|
|terminate|v.|终止|terminate a contract|
|postpone|v.|推迟|postpone a meeting|
|carry out|phr.v.|执行；开展|carry out a survey|
|turn down|phr.v.|拒绝；调低|turn down an offer|
|work out|phr.v.|想出；算出|work out a solution|
|purchase|单词|购买|make a purchase|
|transaction|单词|交易|complete a transaction|
|receipt|单词|收据|keep the receipt|
|warranty|单词|保修|a one-year warranty|
|reimbursement|单词|报销；偿还|request reimbursement|
|subscription|单词|订阅|cancel a subscription|
|supplier|单词|供应商|contact a supplier|
|retailer|单词|零售商|a local retailer|
|wholesale|单词|批发的；批发|wholesale prices|
|bargain|单词|划算货；讨价还价|find a bargain|
|reasonable|单词|合理的|a reasonable price|
|cost-effective|单词|成本效益高的|a cost-effective option|
|nutritious|单词|有营养的|a nutritious meal|
|ingredient|单词|原料；成分|check the ingredients|
|portion|单词|一份；一部分|a small portion|
|serving|单词|一份食物|two servings|
|produce|单词|农产品（名词）|fresh produce|
|organic|单词|有机的|organic produce|
|processed|单词|加工过的|processed food|
|perishable|单词|易腐败的|perishable goods|
|storage instruction|短语|储存说明|follow storage instructions|
|expiry date|短语|到期日|check the expiry date|
|cut down on|短语|减少|cut down on waste|
|run out of|短语|用完|run out of supplies|
|look into|短语|调查|look into a complaint|
|bring about|短语|导致|bring about a change|
|come across|短语|偶然遇到|come across an offer|
|put up with|短语|忍受|put up with delays|
|set aside|短语|留出|set aside money|
|follow up|短语|跟进|follow up a request|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：消费、饮食与常见动词的语境义

The customer kept the receipt and checked the warranty before contacting the retailer. A lower price did not automatically make the product a bargain if essential parts had to be purchased separately. In the food section, she compared unit prices, portions and storage instructions rather than judging only by the package. When a delivery failed to arrive, she asked the supplier to look into the transaction and followed up the request without inventing accusations about its cause.

## 例题解析

**例 1** The council addressed concerns about access. address 此处“处理/回应”，不是“写地址”。concerns 是担忧而非关心的人。

**例 2** We put it off until Friday. it 在 put 和 off 之间；若名词作宾语，put off the meeting / put the meeting off 都可。

**例 3** An economical heater uses little energy；an economic policy concerns the economy。中文都有“经济”，英语词义不同。

## 练习

1. 解释三处charge：They charge visitors five yuan. / Charge the device overnight. / Mei is in charge of the display.

2. 把 postponed 改为可分短语动词并用it替代the meeting：They postponed the meeting.

3. 改错：The centre will carry the survey out next week. Is this incorrect? 再把the survey换成it。

4. 填 rise/raise 正确形式：Prices have ___, so the shop may ___ its delivery fee.

5. 选择词并解释：The new bus pass is more (economic/economical) for people who travel every day.

6. 将日常表达改为40—55词正式项目更新，保留信息不夸大：We got some useful stuff from the interviews. A few things are still unclear. We’ll check them next week.

7. 【主题词汇·辨义】区分produce名词和动词：fresh produce / produce a report；再说明run out of与cut down on的差别。

8. 【主题词汇·迁移】写35—50词客服询问：订单未到，请对方核查交易并回复；用receipt、look into、follow up至少两项，不能无据指责欺诈。

## 参考答案与解析

1. ①向游客收费，及物charge sb an amount；②给设备充电；③负责展陈，in charge of 为固定搭配。不能统一译成“控告”或“收费”。

2. They put it off. 若保留时间信息可加 until…，但原句没有，不必添加。代词在中间。

3. 原句正确，carry out 为可分短语动词，名词可放中间或末尾。换代词：The centre will carry it out next week. 不能写 carry out it。本题刻意检验不把正确变体误判。

4. risen；raise。rise 不及物，过去分词risen；raise及物接fee，may后原形。

5. economical。指经常出行时花费更省；economic 指经济相关，不表达省钱。也可表达 more cost-effective，强调投入产出。

6. 示例：The interviews provided useful information, although several points remain unclear. We will check those points next week before drawing further conclusions. In the meantime, our report should distinguish what the interviews establish from what still needs to be verified, rather than presenting uncertainty as fact. 量规10：保留已获信息2；保留不确定2；下周核查计划2；语域具体2；准确连贯2。示例只保留已获信息、尚有疑点和下周核查计划，不新增访客流失、居民需求等未经提供的调查事实。

7. fresh produce中produce为农产品名词，不可按“生产”逐字翻译；produce a report为制作/产出动词。run out of表示用尽，cut down on表示减少用量，后者不保证降至零。

8. 示例：My order has not arrived by the expected date. I have attached the receipt so that you can look into the transaction. Could you please confirm the current delivery status? I will follow up if further information is needed. 量规8：事实和请求3；搭配2；无据指控不得分项1；语言2。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm