# 09 非谓语入门：不定式、动名词与逻辑主语

> 建议位置：高1·下；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 判断非谓语在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语或补语
- 根据动词搭配选择to do和doing
- 解释非谓语的逻辑主语及主被动关系
- 在“目标、习惯与自主学习”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

### 1. 先确认句子已有有限谓语
To solve the problem takes patience. 不定式作主语；Solving the problem takes patience. 动名词短语作主语。We hope to solve it / We enjoy solving it：动词搭配决定宾语形式，不是中文“做”都一样。suggest/avoid/consider/finish 后常接 doing；decide/hope/plan/manage 后常接 to do。
### 2. 五种常见用途
I have work to finish（后置定语）；We met to discuss the plan（目的状语）；The teacher asked us to wait（宾补，us 是 wait 的执行者）；It is useful for students to compare answers（for students 明确逻辑主语）；Her collecting old maps surprised me（动名词结构，collecting 的执行者为 her；非正式语境也常用 her作宾格形式，形式相同）。
### 3. 形式相似，意义不同
remember doing = 记得做过；remember to do = 记得去做。stop doing = 停止正在做的事；stop to do = 停下别的事去做。try doing = 试用一种方法；try to do = 努力尝试。need doing = need to be done：The roof needs repairing。动词后的 to 不一定是不定式标记：look forward to doing 中 to 是介词。
### 4. 主语匹配
To improve her writing, Mei reads critically. improve 与 reads 的逻辑主语同为 Mei。不能写 To improve her writing, books are necessary，因为 目的短语本来表示 Mei 有意识采取的行动，而主句却以 books 为主语，执行者不清。改为 To improve her writing, Mei reads more books 更准确；书能帮助提高写作，但那不是原句目的状语的清楚执行者。

### 主题词汇拓展：目标、习惯与自主学习

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|patience|n.|耐心|take patience|
|avoid|v.|避免|avoid making mistakes|
|manage|v.|设法做到；管理|manage to finish|
|considerate|adj.|体贴的|a considerate gesture|
|instruction|n.|指示|follow instructions|
|critically|adv.|批判性地|read critically|
|intend|v.|打算|intend to apply|
|postpone|v.|推迟|postpone making a decision|
|recommend|v.|建议；推荐|recommend reading a book|
|permit|v./n.|允许；许可证|permit visitors to enter|
|remind|v.|提醒|remind someone to check|
|attempt|n./v.|尝试|attempt to solve|
|aspiration|单词|志向|a long-term aspiration|
|ambition|单词|抱负|pursue an ambition|
|objective|单词|目标|set an objective|
|strategy|单词|策略|a learning strategy|
|approach|单词|方法|a practical approach|
|habit|单词|习惯|form a habit|
|discipline|单词|自律；纪律|self-discipline|
|concentration|单词|专注|maintain concentration|
|distraction|单词|干扰|remove distractions|
|persistence|单词|坚持|show persistence|
|initiative|单词|主动性|take the initiative|
|commit|单词|投入；承诺|commit time to practice|
|prioritise|单词|确定优先次序|prioritise important tasks|
|organise|单词|组织|organise notes|
|reflect|单词|反思|reflect on progress|
|adapt|单词|适应；调整|adapt a strategy|
|adjust|单词|调整|adjust the schedule|
|improve|单词|改善|improve accuracy|
|achieve|单词|实现|achieve a goal|
|accomplish|单词|完成|accomplish a task|
|pursue|单词|追求|pursue an interest|
|intend|单词|打算|intend to apply|
|hesitate|单词|犹豫|hesitate to ask|
|persist|单词|坚持|persist in practising|
|resist|单词|抵制；忍住|resist checking messages|
|involve|单词|涉及；使参与|involve solving problems|
|benefit|单词|益处；获益|benefit from feedback|
|reward|单词|回报；奖励|a meaningful reward|
|challenge|单词|挑战|accept a challenge|
|self-directed|单词|自主的|self-directed learning|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：目标、习惯与自主学习

To pursue her interest in design, Wen set a small weekly objective rather than a vague ambition to become perfect. She intended to practise regularly, but distractions often interrupted her concentration. After reflecting on the problem, she adjusted her schedule and committed twenty minutes to drawing before checking messages. The strategy did not remove every challenge. It made persistence easier because each session involved a manageable task and a clear way to review progress.

## 例题解析

**例 1** We look forward to ___ (hear) from you. → hearing。to 是短语中的介词，不能见 to 就填原形。

**例 2** I remembered locking the door, but I returned to check. → 已有“锁门”记忆；若 I remembered to lock，则强调没忘记履行任务。

**例 3** It was considerate of you to explain the instructions. → of you 评价人的品质；It is important for you to read them 中 for you 表行动的逻辑主语，不直接评价人的品质。

## 练习

1. 填词：The club decided ___ (hold) a fair and suggested ___ (invite) local artists.

2. 选择并说明：Please remember (sending/to send) the form tomorrow.

3. 解释：He stopped talking. / He stopped to talk.

4. 改错：We are looking forward to meet the author.

5. 修复逻辑主语：To finish the project on time, more practice is needed by us. 要求明确人作主句主语。

6. 用非谓语合并：The guide asked the visitors. The visitors should keep the path clear. 再指出非谓语的逻辑主语。

7. 【主题词汇·辨义】填动词形式：①persist in ___ (practise)；②intend ___ (apply)；③resist ___ (check)；④benefit from ___ (receive) feedback。

8. 【主题词汇·迁移】写一个两句学习计划：第一句目的状语To…，第二句使用avoid或resist doing并说明具体干扰。至少用objective或strategy。

## 参考答案与解析

1. to hold；inviting。decide 接不定式宾语，suggest 接动名词宾语；不能写 suggested to invite。

2. to send。tomorrow 表未执行的待办任务，remember to do 为记得去做。

3. 第一句停止说话；第二句停下当时别的活动，以便开始说话。to talk 表目的，不是 stop 的动名词宾语。

4. We are looking forward to meeting the author. forward 后的 to 是介词，接 meeting。

5. To finish the project on time, we need more practice. we 是 finish 的执行者，主语不再悬空。也可用 We need more practice to finish…，但须符合真实语义。

6. The guide asked the visitors to keep the path clear. to keep 的逻辑主语为 the visitors，而不是 the guide。ask sb to do 构成宾语+不定式补足语。

7. practising；to apply；checking；receiving。in/from为介词；intend接不定式；resist接动名词。可接受美式practicing，但同文拼写体系应一致。

8. 示例：To improve paragraph organisation, I will set an objective of revising one short text each week. I will resist checking messages during the session because interruptions make it harder to follow my own argument. 要点：To的执行者与I一致；resist后doing；计划有可操作任务。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm