# 14 分词与简化从句：谁在行动，何时发生

> 建议位置：高2·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 区分现在分词主动/过程与过去分词被动/状态
- 还原分词定语和状语并检查逻辑主语
- 表达非谓语的先后与被动关系
- 在“野外环境、地貌与风险”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

### 1. -ing 不等于现在，-ed 不等于过去
The students waiting outside are anxious：waiting 与 students 主动；The documents signed yesterday are here：signed 与 documents 被动。真正时态由主句决定；同一 waiting 可出现在过去或将来语境。
### 2. 状语与主语对齐
Walking along the river, I noticed a damaged sign. walking 的执行者为 I。Seen from the hill, the town looks small. town 接受“看”；不要写 Seeing from the hill, the town…。
分词状语可表时间、原因、条件、伴随或结果，必须由语境判定。Given enough time, we can finish ≈ If we are given enough time。不是所有从句都可机械删主语和 be；主语不同或逻辑不清时保留从句更准确。
### 3. 时间与语态
Having checked the figures, she sent the report：check 先于 sent；Having been warned about the ice, they walked carefully：先受到警告。to be repaired 表待修；being repaired 表正在被修；repaired 可表已修/被修状态：the bridge to be repaired / being repaired / repaired last year。不定式完成式 to have done 用于与主句参照点的先后：She seems to have left。
### 4. 独立结构只作提高理解
Weather permitting, we will go. weather 是 permitting 自己的逻辑主语。它不是悬垂分词，因为逻辑主语已明确；基础写作更稳妥用 If the weather permits。

### 5. 不定式的进行与完成
She seems to be working强调与seems大致同时的过程；She seems to have finished强调在当前判断前已完成。The building is believed to have been damaged表示现在存在一种判断，而受损发生得更早，且building是受事。非谓语自身不独立决定绝对年月，而是表达相对主句的时间与语态。

### 主题词汇拓展：野外环境、地貌与风险

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|anxious|adj.|担忧的|anxious about the result|
|damaged|adj.|受损的|a damaged sign|
|figure|n.|数字；人物|check every figure|
|confident|adj.|有信心的|confident about the result|
|valid|adj.|有效的|remain valid|
|storage|n.|储存|safe storage|
|permit|v.|允许|weather permitting|
|logical|adj.|符合逻辑的|a logical connection|
|simultaneous|adj.|同时的|simultaneous actions|
|precede|v.|先于|precede the main event|
|attach|v.|附上；连接|attach a label|
|expose|v.|使暴露|expose samples to light|
|terrain|单词|地形|rough terrain|
|slope|单词|斜坡|a steep slope|
|ridge|单词|山脊|follow a ridge|
|valley|单词|山谷|a narrow valley|
|cliff|单词|悬崖|a coastal cliff|
|shore|单词|岸|along the shore|
|wetland|单词|湿地|a protected wetland|
|meadow|单词|草地|a mountain meadow|
|canopy|单词|林冠；顶篷|a forest canopy|
|vegetation|单词|植被|dense vegetation|
|altitude|单词|海拔|high altitude|
|latitude|单词|纬度|at a high latitude|
|tide|单词|潮汐|a rising tide|
|current|单词|水流|a strong current|
|shelter|单词|庇护处|seek shelter|
|exposure|单词|暴露|exposure to wind|
|visibility|单词|能见度|poor visibility|
|forecast|单词|预报|check the forecast|
|landslide|单词|滑坡|a landslide warning|
|eruption|单词|喷发|a volcanic eruption|
|seismic|单词|地震的|seismic activity|
|evacuate|单词|撤离|evacuate an area|
|rescue|单词|救援|a rescue team|
|precautionary|单词|预防性的|a precautionary measure|
|vulnerable|单词|易受伤害的|vulnerable habitats|
|fragile|单词|脆弱的|a fragile ecosystem|
|remote|单词|偏远的|a remote valley|
|accessible route|短语|可通行路线|choose an accessible route|
|fieldwork|单词|实地工作|prepare for fieldwork|
|observation point|短语|观察点|a safe observation point|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：野外环境、地貌与风险

Having checked the forecast, the fieldwork group chose an observation point above the wetland. The route through dense vegetation was closed after a landslide, so they followed the marked path instead. Seen from the ridge, the valley looked calm, but a rising tide was changing the conditions below. The leader kept the group away from the shore and recorded observations from a safe distance. A useful field report described both the habitat and the limits on access.

## 例题解析

**例 1** Having lost the map, the route seemed confusing. 错在 lost 的执行者被迫变成 route。改为 Having lost the map, we found the route confusing。

**例 2** The houses damaged in the storm need repair. 还原为 the houses that were damaged…；不能还原为 houses that damaged the storm。

**例 3** The painting being restored cannot be moved. being restored 表当前修复过程；换 restored 会把时间关系改掉。

## 练习

1. 填词并说明关系：The woman ___ (stand) by the door is the scientist we invited.

2. 填词：The files ___ (save) on this drive yesterday are copies.

3. 将原因从句简化且保持先后：Because she had checked every figure, she felt confident about the report.

4. 修复：Walking into the hall, the paintings immediately caught my eye.

5. 分别译出：the bridge to be repaired；the bridge being repaired；the bridge repaired last spring。

6. 改成分词状语：If the samples are stored correctly, they will remain useful for a week. 指出主语为何匹配。

7. 【非谓语时间】选适当形式并解释：①She appears ___ (work) on the report right now，强调此刻过程；②The vase is believed ___ (make) more than two hundred years ago，强调被制作先于当前判断。

8. 【主题词汇·辨义】给两分词结构找逻辑主语：Having checked the forecast, the group…；Seen from the ridge, the valley…。再解释visibility与view的差别。

9. 【主题词汇·迁移】用Having checked…和Located…各写一句野外记录，使用forecast、shelter、remote之一；不编造危险冒险行为。

## 参考答案与解析

1. standing。woman 是 stand 的执行者；相当于 who is standing。

2. saved。files 接受 save，yesterday 明确已保存；可还原为 that were saved。

3. Having checked every figure, she felt confident about the report. having checked 表检查先于 felt；主语 she 共享。

4. Walking into the hall, I immediately noticed the paintings. 或 When I walked into the hall, the paintings immediately caught my eye. 第二种保留从句独立主语，消除“画走进大厅”的错误。

5. 将要被维修的桥；正在被维修的桥；去年春天修过的桥。三者都为被动关系，但相对于语境的时间不同。

6. Stored correctly, the samples will remain useful for a week. samples 同时是主句主语和 store 的受事，故过去分词匹配；也可保留 If stored correctly。

7. ①to be working：不定式进行式，right now与appears同步；②to have been made：完成式表示早于is believed，被动表示vase接受make。不能把第二句写成to make，因为花瓶不是制作执行者。is believed仅转述判断，不自动保证年代断定已核实。

8. checked的执行者为group，主动完成式；seen的受事为valley，过去分词被动。visibility是能见度/看得清多远的条件，view可指所见景色或观点，不可机械互换。

9. 示例：Having checked the forecast, we postponed the walk. Located beside the main road, the shelter was easy for the group to reach. 要点：第一句主语we执行check；第二句shelter被定位；延期是合理风险处理而非被奖励的冒险。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm