# 04 定语从句：限定、补充和准确指代

> 建议位置：高1·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 通过先行词在从句中的成分选择关系词
- 区分限定性与非限定性从句的意义
- 处理介词加关系词、whose及关系词省略
- 在“人物、关系与协作”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

### 1. 不看中文“的”，看从句缺什么
The researcher **who designed the tool** visited us：从句缺主语，who 指人。The tool **which we tested** worked well：从句缺宾语，可用 which/that，限定性从句中可省。The laboratory **where we tested the tool** is small：从句主谓宾齐全，缺地点状语，可用 where/in which。比较：the laboratory **which we visited**，visited 缺宾语，不能用 where。
### 2. 标点改变信息范围
Students who need help should stay. 只要求“需要帮助的学生”留下。The students, who need help, should stay. 补充说明这群学生都需要帮助。非限定性从句前后用逗号，不能用 that，关系词不能省略。which 还能指前面整件事：The bus was cancelled, which delayed our arrival。
### 3. 介词与所属
The person **to whom** I spoke… 较正式；The person **who/whom/that I spoke to**… 较口语，宾语关系词可省。介词直接提前时不用 that。whose 后接名词，既可指人也可指物：a project whose aim is clear。不能把 which 和 it 同时用于同一缺口：the book which I bought it 错。

### 主题词汇拓展：人物、关系与协作

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|researcher|n.|研究者|a medical researcher|
|laboratory|n.|实验室|work in a laboratory|
|gallery|n.|画廊；展厅|a new gallery|
|application|n.|申请；应用|send an application|
|preparation|n.|准备|careful preparation|
|quality|n.|质量|water quality|
|focus|v./n.|集中；重点|focus on evidence|
|interview|v./n.|采访|interview a student|
|restriction|n.|限制|a clear restriction|
|additional|adj.|额外的|additional information|
|identify|v.|确认；识别|identify the source|
|reference|n.|指代；参考|a reference to the report|
|colleague|单词|同事|a trusted colleague|
|peer|单词|同龄人；同等地位者|peer feedback|
|partner|单词|伙伴|a research partner|
|supervisor|单词|主管；指导教师|a project supervisor|
|apprentice|单词|学徒|an apprentice carpenter|
|specialist|单词|专门人才|consult a specialist|
|amateur|单词|业余爱好者|an amateur photographer|
|professional|单词|专业人士；专业的|professional advice|
|teammate|单词|队友|support a teammate|
|neighbour|单词|邻居|a helpful neighbour|
|acquaintance|单词|熟人|a casual acquaintance|
|relative|单词|亲属|a distant relative|
|ancestor|单词|祖先|trace an ancestor|
|companion|单词|同伴|a travelling companion|
|host|单词|主人；主持者|a welcoming host|
|guest|单词|客人|an invited guest|
|collaborate|单词|合作|collaborate on a project|
|cooperation|单词|合作|international cooperation|
|mutual|单词|相互的|mutual respect|
|trustworthy|单词|值得信赖的|a trustworthy partner|
|generous|单词|慷慨的|generous with time|
|considerate|单词|体贴的|considerate towards others|
|reliable|单词|可靠的|a reliable teammate|
|respectful|单词|尊重人的|a respectful question|
|supportive|单词|支持的|a supportive colleague|
|conflict|单词|冲突|resolve a conflict|
|compromise|单词|妥协；折中|reach a compromise|
|negotiate|单词|协商|negotiate a plan|
|consult|单词|咨询|consult an expert|
|acknowledge|单词|承认；致谢|acknowledge a contribution|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：人物、关系与协作

The apprentice whose model was displayed at the workshop thanked a colleague who had helped her choose materials. Their supervisor, who valued mutual respect, asked them to acknowledge every contribution. A professional carpenter and an amateur designer then discussed the model. They disagreed about one joint, but a respectful exchange helped them reach a compromise. Collaboration did not require identical opinions; it required a clear account of why each person preferred a design.

## 例题解析

**例 1** This is the day ___ we met. → met 不缺宾语，空格表时间，用 when/on which。若改成 This is the day ___ I will never forget，则 forget 缺宾语，用 which/that 或省略。

**例 2** The museum, which reopened last month, has a new gallery. → reopened 的主语由 which 承担；逗号说明重开是附加信息，不能换 that。

**例 3** We met a scientist whose work focuses on water quality. → work 与 scientist 有所属关系，whose 不能换为 who。

## 练习

1. 分别填关系词：a town ___ we visited；a town ___ we stayed for a week。

2. 合并为限定性定语从句：I interviewed a student. Her design won first prize.

3. 改错：The article which I read it yesterday explains the problem.

4. 改写正式结构：The person I sent the application to has replied. 要求把介词提前。

5. 解释意义差别：My brothers who live in Shanghai are teachers. / My brothers, who live in Shanghai, are teachers.

6. 填词并分析指代：The team changed its plan twice, ___ made the preparation more difficult.

7. 【主题词汇·辨义】根据语境区分：①工作同单位的人；②学技能的初学学徒；③没有亲密交情的熟人；④对某领域有专门知识的人。各选本组最贴切词。

8. 【主题词汇·迁移】用两个定语从句介绍一个合作项目：一句用who，一句用whose；至少使用collaborate、contribution、supervisor中的两个词。

## 参考答案与解析

1. which/that（也可省略，visited 的宾语）；where/in which（stayed 不缺宾语，地点状语）。

2. I interviewed a student whose design won first prize. whose design 一起作从句主语，不能写 who her design。

3. 删除 it：The article which I read yesterday explains the problem. which 已充当 read 的宾语，it 重复。

4. The person to whom I sent the application has replied. to 直接提前，需 whom，不能用 that 或省略。

5. 第一句只描述住在上海的那些兄弟，可能另有不住上海的兄弟；第二句把“都住上海”作为对所有兄弟的补充说明，并说他们都是教师。不能据第一句断定一定有其他兄弟，只能说没有排除。

6. which。非限定性 which 指“团队两次改变计划”这件事，而非仅指 plan。从句 made 的主语不能用 what 替代。

7. ①colleague；②apprentice；③acquaintance；④specialist。peer强调同等地位/年龄，不等于同事；relative指亲属，不等于一般“有关的人”。

8. 示例：The students who collaborated on the model shared the results with their supervisor. They thanked the apprentice whose contribution had made the joints stronger. 要点：who作从句主语；whose后接名词；不重复加he/her。

## 订正与迁移

先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm