# 01 句子地图：主干、修饰与一致关系

> 建议位置：高1·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

## 学习目标

- 找出有限谓语并区分简单句、并列句和复合句
- 用短语层级分析长句，不把相邻名词误当主语
- 修复基本主谓一致与不完整句
- 在“校园角色、学习安排与组织”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

## 核心讲解

### 1. 先找“谁做什么”，再还原细节
英语完整陈述句通常至少需要主语和有限谓语。有限谓语体现时态或情态：works、was working、has worked、can work。to work、working、written 单独通常不能作句子的有限谓语。There is a problem 中 there 是形式上的引导成分，真正要介绍的是 a problem。
简单句只有一个独立分句（She smiled）；并列句含两个或以上由并列结构连接的独立分句（She smiled, and he waved）；复合句含主句及从属分句（She smiled when he arrived）。一个主语带并列谓语不自动变成并列句：She smiled and waved 仍是简单句。
五种常见结构：S+V（Birds fly）；S+V+C（The plan seems practical）；S+V+O（We tested the idea）；S+V+IO+DO（She gave us advice）；S+V+O+C（We found the task difficult）。补语说明主语或宾语的身份、状态，不是另一个动作对象。
### 2. 修饰语可以很长，骨架不变
The report **on changes in local rainfall** **prepared by the science club** **has attracted** attention. 主语中心词是 report，不是 changes 或 club；has attracted 是谓语。先括住介词短语、非谓语短语和从句，再连主干。读完主干后必须把修饰语放回去，不能因“抓主干”丢掉限制范围、否定或条件。
### 3. 一致与边界
The number of visitors **is** increasing；A number of visitors **are** waiting。each/every 修饰单数中心词通常接单数谓语。A and B 通常作复数，但同一人/物或整体表达需按意义判断。两个独立句不能只用逗号连接：用句号、分号或逗号加并列连词。because 引导的原因从句不能独立冒充完整句。

### 主题词汇拓展：校园角色、学习安排与组织

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

### 本课词汇与搭配

|词条|词性 / 条目类型|核心义|语境搭配|
|---|---|---|---|
|proposal|n.|提议|a practical proposal|
|volunteer|n./v.|志愿者；自愿做|volunteer to help|
|exhibition|n.|展览|a school exhibition|
|route|n.|路线|take another route|
|support|n./v.|支持|receive support|
|label|n./v.|标签；贴标签|label the boxes|
|practical|adj.|可行的；实用的|a practical solution|
|consider|v.|认为；考虑|consider the plan useful|
|explanation|n.|解释|a clear explanation|
|attention|n.|注意|attract attention|
|individual|adj./n.|个人的；个人|individual choices|
|structure|n./v.|结构；组织|sentence structure|
|academic|单词|学业的；学术的|academic progress|
|curriculum|单词|课程体系|a balanced curriculum|
|syllabus|单词|课程纲要|read the syllabus|
|assignment|单词|任务；作业|submit an assignment|
|assessment|单词|评价|continuous assessment|
|tutor|单词|辅导教师|ask a tutor|
|mentor|单词|导师；指导者|a student mentor|
|counsellor|单词|辅导员|consult a counsellor|
|principal|单词|校长|the school principal|
|representative|单词|代表|a class representative|
|committee|单词|委员会|join a committee|
|candidate|单词|候选人|a suitable candidate|
|appointment|单词|预约；任命|make an appointment|
|attendance|单词|出勤|record attendance|
|absence|单词|缺席|explain an absence|
|schedule|单词|时间表；安排|a weekly schedule|
|timetable|单词|课程表|check the timetable|
|routine|单词|常规|a study routine|
|semester|单词|学期|the first semester|
|compulsory|单词|必修的；必须的|a compulsory course|
|optional|单词|可选的|an optional module|
|module|单词|模块|complete a module|
|qualification|单词|资格；学历|gain a qualification|
|certificate|单词|证书|receive a certificate|
|registration|单词|登记；注册|complete registration|
|enrol|单词|报名入学|enrol on a course|
|submit|单词|提交|submit a draft|
|participate|单词|参与|participate in a discussion|
|coordinate|单词|协调|coordinate a project|
|allocate|单词|分配|allocate tasks|


## 阅读材料



### 主题词汇语境：校园角色、学习安排与组织

At the start of the semester, the class representative checked the timetable with a tutor. A compulsory module conflicted with an optional workshop, so the committee asked the school to adjust the schedule. After registration, each participant received a syllabus explaining assignments and assessment. The representative then coordinated a short meeting to allocate tasks. Academic progress depended on more than attendance: students also needed to submit work and respond to feedback.

## 例题解析

**例 1** The boxes of books near the door need labels. → boxes 是中心词，of books 和 near the door 都是修饰语，所以用 need，不用 needs。不能见到最近的 door 就机械配单数。

**例 2** We found the workshop useful. → We/S，found/V，the workshop/O，useful/宾补。它不是“我们找到有用的”这种逐词拼接；可释为 We found that the workshop was useful。

**例 3** Because the path was flooded. → 只有从属分句。补成 Because the path was flooded, we took another route。

## 练习

1. 给句子标出主语中心词、有限谓语及两处后置修饰语：The proposal for a quiet reading room near the gym has received support.

2. 选词并说明主语：Each of the volunteers (has/have) a different task.

3. 把 We considered the explanation clear. 分成 S、V、O、C，并用含 that 的句子改写。

4. 改写逗号拼接句，保留“但是”的逻辑：The experiment failed, we learned something useful.

5. 补成完整句：Although the route was longer, ____. 要求新主句有主语和有限谓语。再判断补全句属于简单句、并列句还是复合句。

6. 分析并译出：The students who designed the posters for the exhibition were asked to explain their choices. 特别说明 were asked 为什么不是 was asked。

7. 【主题词汇·辨义】在schedule / curriculum / attendance / assignment中选词填入并说明：①The teacher recorded ___. ②We must submit the ___ by Friday. ③The new ___ includes science and arts. ④The bus ___ changed.

8. 【主题词汇·迁移】写两句：第一句说明一个必修课程和一个可选活动；第二句说明你如何向导师咨询时间冲突。至少使用compulsory、optional、consult。

## 参考答案与解析

1. 中心词 proposal；谓语 has received；for a quiet reading room 与 near the gym 都参与限定提案涉及的阅览室位置，near the gym 在最自然读法下修饰 room。完整主干是 The proposal has received support。

2. has。each 是单数中心词，of the volunteers 是介词短语，不能由 volunteers 决定谓语。

3. We/S；considered/V；the explanation/O；clear/C。改写：We considered that the explanation was clear（更自然也可写 We thought that the explanation was clear）。clear 描述 explanation。

4. The experiment failed, but we learned something useful. 也可用 The experiment failed; however, we learned something useful. 注意 however 不是可直接替代 but 的并列连词。

5. 示例：Although the route was longer, we arrived before sunset. 主句 we arrived 完整；Although 引导让步，不能又写 but 连接同一主从结构。其他语义通顺的完整主句也成立。该句由让步从句加主句组成，属于复合句。

6. 主语中心词 students；who designed… 是限定性定语从句；主句谓语 were asked；to explain… 补充被要求做的事。译：设计展览海报的学生被要求解释他们的选择。主语 students 为复数，故用 were；最近的 exhibition 不控制谓语。

7. ①attendance，记录出勤；②assignment，提交作业；③curriculum，整个课程体系而非某天表格；④schedule，班车时间安排。curriculum不能替代所有时间表。

8. 示例：Chemistry is a compulsory course, while photography is an optional activity. I will consult my tutor about the timetable conflict before registering. 要点：词义角色准确；consult直接接人，不写consult to my tutor；两活动关系清楚。

## 订正与迁移

若把最近名词当主语，重做第1、2题；若漏掉从句谓语，回到本课“先找有限谓语”。后续长句分析见第27课。

## 课程与来源说明

原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。

本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：

- https://www.neea.edu.cn/html1/report/2401/499-1.htm
- https://gaokao.chsi.com.cn/gkxx/zc/ss/202604/20260407/2293461519-4.html
- https://paper.jyb.cn/zgjyb/h5/html5/2026-06/09/content_144741_19604051.htm