本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
追踪代词和概括性名词的指代，识别因果、转折、让步及举例关系。
按已知信息到新信息的顺序重组段落，避免只堆连接词。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
段落衔接有三条线：词汇复现（library—reading room—study space）、指代（it/they/this change）、逻辑关系（because/however/for example）。同义词不必强行换掉所有核心词；为避免重复把student换成customer，可能改变身份。
The college extended the library's opening hours. This change helped students who worked in the evening. However, it also increased staffing costs. this change指“延长开放时间”，不是单独指college；it在最后一句通常也回指该措施。为避免歧义可写The longer opening hours also increased staffing costs。
连接词必须匹配事实：because引原因，therefore引结果；however引转折；although使一个分句从属；for example需接前面一般观点的具体实例。Since既能表示“自从”，也能表示“因为”，须看时态和上下文。while可以表示时间同时或对比，不能一律译成“当……时”。
句间标点：The room was crowded; therefore, we left. / Because the room was crowded, we left. therefore是连接副词，不是能仅凭逗号连接两独立分句的连词。
段落常见组织：总—分；问题—原因—解决；现象—解释—限制；观点—证据—评价。主题句可在首句，但不是绝对规则。每段边读边写5—8个词的功能标签，如“describes a problem with booking”；标签要说明功能，不只抄关键词。
原创短文
The campus introduced a booking app for study rooms. At first, students welcomed the change because they no longer needed to queue at a desk. A week later, however, several rooms were empty even when the app showed no availability. Some students had reserved rooms and then changed their plans without cancelling. To address this problem, the library introduced a reminder and a short cancellation link. This response was less restrictive than banning students after a single missed booking. It also gave staff a way to observe whether forgotten reservations, rather than a shortage of rooms, were causing the difficulty.
这不是简单的“科技好／坏”。结构是新措施—意外问题—可能原因—针对性回应—进一步观察。最后rather than连接两个待区分原因。
例题解析
问：短文This response指什么？
先向前找可替代整个名词短语的行为：introducing a reminder and a short cancellation link。它不指students changed their plans，也不指一开始推出app；最近名词link只是措施的一部分。完整回答：“增加提醒和简短取消链接这一回应措施”。问为何用however？前面“受欢迎”，后面“显示无可用房但实际空着”，构成预期与现实反差。
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| availability | n. 可用性／可获得情况；room availability |
| reservation | n. 预约；cancel a reservation |
| restrictive | adj. 限制多的；a restrictive policy |
| shortage | n. 短缺；a shortage of rooms |
| rather than | 而不是；比较两个选项或解释 |
| therefore | adv. 因此；须注意与独立分句的标点 |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| cohesion | 衔接；paragraph cohesion | Paragraph cohesion depends on more than linking words. |
| coherence | 连贯；logical coherence | Logical coherence requires ideas that fit together. |
| transition | 过渡；a clear transition | A clear transition shows why the next point follows. |
| reference | 指代；pronoun reference | Pronoun reference must remain clear across sentences. |
| repetition | 重复；controlled repetition | Controlled repetition can keep the main topic visible. |
| substitution | 替代；noun substitution | Careless noun substitution can change the topic. |
| concession | 让步；make a concession | A writer can make a concession without abandoning the claim. |
| consequently | 因此；consequently we | The room was full; consequently, we waited outside. |
| whereas | 然而相对；whereas others | Some users wanted silence, whereas others needed discussion. |
| nonetheless | 尽管如此；nonetheless useful | The trial was small; nonetheless, it provided useful questions. |
| subsequently | 随后；subsequently revised | The team subsequently revised the instructions. |
| in addition | 此外；in addition to | In addition to a reminder, the app provided a cancellation link. |
| for instance | 例如；for instance | A small change can help; for instance, clearer labels may save time. |
| in turn | 进而；in turn affects | Clearer information can improve decisions, which in turn affects use. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
短文中they no longer needed的they指谁？
2
短文的this problem指什么？用中文完整表达，不能只写app。
3
填连接词并说明关系：Some students need silence, ___ others learn well with background music. 从while/because选择。
4
改标点：The app was useful, however, it did not solve every problem.
5
把三句排序：A. This shortage made evening study difficult. B. The college therefore opened another room. C. Only one study room remained open after six.
6
为原创短文写一个英文标题，既不能过大也不能只写Library。
7
用两句英语说明提醒方案为什么比“一次失约就禁用”温和；第二句用this approach并确保指代清楚。
8
词汇迁移：译：有些学生需要安静，而另一些人需要讨论，因此段落必须清楚说明这种对照。
9
词汇迁移：译：这个试行规模很小；尽管如此，它提供了有用的问题，团队随后修改了说明。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
they指students，即欢迎改动、原本需排队的学生，不是rooms或library staff。
2
房间实际空着，但预约系统显示无可用空间，部分原因是预约者改变计划后未取消。只说“没有房间”忽视了实际空置。
3
while，表达两类学习偏好的对比；没有证据说前一偏好导致后一偏好，所以不能用because。
4
The app was useful; however, it did not solve every problem. 或拆成两句。however两侧加逗号不能修复独立分句的逗号拼接。
5
C—A—B。C建立“仅一间”的信息，A的This shortage回指，B给出因而采取的措施。
6
可用Reducing Forgotten Room Bookings。能覆盖原因与回应。Technology Changes the World过大，The App Is Useless与原文评价不符。
7
The library reminded students to cancel unused bookings instead of immediately banning them. This approach gave students a chance to correct a mistake. 评分6分：说明提醒而非立即处罚2，this approach指代明确2，语法与意义2；同义表达可得满分。
8
Some students need silence, whereas others need discussion, so the paragraph must make this contrast clear. whereas对照，so连接结果。6分：信息3，连接2，句法1。
9
The trial was small; nonetheless, it raised useful questions, and the team subsequently revised the instructions. nonetheless不是并列连词，前用分号或句号。6分：三项意义3，搭配2，标点1。