本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
根据上下文解释抽象常用词，不把熟词义项硬套到学术说明。
用搭配、词性与证据强度选择准确词项，区分相关与因果。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
六级提高需要更准确，而非只更生僻。以下词常在一般学术和社会说明中出现：
- account：a bank account账户；an account of the event叙述；account for the change解释变化。account for 30%表示占比例，不是解释30%。
- subject：a school subject科目；participants were subject to the same rules，受规则约束。subject to approval表示以批准为前提。
- assume：假定，不等于prove。We assumed that access was equal必须进一步核查假设。
- derive：derive a conclusion from data从数据得出结论；结论是否正当取决于证据，并不因derive一词显得科学就自动成立。
- significant：一般语境可指重要、显著；若文章没有统计检验，不要自行解释成“统计显著”。
- consistent：consistent with与……一致，不等于唯一解释；consistent results表示前后一致的结果。
- attribute：attribute A to B把A归因于B。The authors attribute the decline to higher costs是作者归因，不一定已证实。
- alternative：an alternative explanation另一种解释，不一定是更好的解释。
近义选择：efficient强调资源使用少；effective强调达到目标。程序可能高效地处理表格，却无法帮助真正需要服务的人，即efficient but ineffective。accurate强调准确，precise强调精细具体；一项数值可写得非常精细却测错。evidence是证据材料，通常不可数；a piece of evidence，不写an evidence。
小段精读
The survey produced a precise estimate of how many registered users opened the page. It did not provide an equally accurate account of how many people needed the service, because those who had never registered were absent from the data. The figures were consistent with increased online activity, but they could not by themselves establish improved access for the whole community.
数字“精确到注册用户的访问”并不覆盖“所有需要服务的人”。读者要识别统计对象与结论对象是否一致。
例题解析
“The data are consistent with the explanation”可释为“数据与该解释相符”，不能改写“The data prove that no other explanation is possible”。consistent with允许还有别的解释；prove…no other…把证据强度升高并排除了未被排除的可能性。
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| account | n. 叙述／账户；an account of an event |
| subject to | 受……约束／以……为条件；subject to approval |
| assume | v. 假定；assume equal access |
| derive | v. 得出；derive a conclusion from data |
| significant | adj. 重要／显著的，统计义需上下文 |
| consistent with | 与……一致 |
| attribute to | 把……归因于；attribute A to B |
| alternative | adj./n. 替代的／替代方案；an alternative explanation |
| efficient | adj. 高效的；an efficient process |
| effective | adj. 有效的；an effective solution |
| precise | adj. 精确具体的；a precise estimate |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| assumption testing | 核查假定；test an assumption | The authors needed evidence to test their assumption. |
| implicate | 牵涉；implicate another factor | The pattern may implicate another factor without proving its role. |
| constrain | 限制；constrain interpretation | The narrow sample constrains interpretation of the result. |
| robust | 稳健的；a robust finding | A robust finding should not depend entirely on one unusual case. |
| validity | 效度／成立性；question validity | The mismatch between measure and goal raises a question of validity. |
| reliability estimate | 可靠性估计；a reliability estimate | A reliability estimate does not by itself establish validity. |
| variable | 变量；a relevant variable | The analysis omitted a relevant variable. |
| confounding | 混杂的；a confounding influence | Weather may be a confounding influence on attendance. |
| association | 关联；an association between | An association between two variables is not enough to establish causation. |
| consistent pattern | 一致模式；a consistent pattern | A consistent pattern can still have more than one explanation. |
| inherent | 内在的；an inherent limitation | The method has an inherent limitation when non-users are excluded. |
| substantial | 相当大的；a substantial difference | A substantial difference in the sample may affect the comparison. |
| moderate | 适度的；a moderate claim | A moderate claim can be more defensible than a sweeping one. |
| accountability | 问责／负责机制；clear accountability | Clear accountability identifies who must explain the decision. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
解释：Printing accounts for a quarter of the budget. account for是哪一义项？
2
填介词：The authors attribute the change ___ a rise in costs, but the result is also consistent ___ another explanation.
3
选efficient/effective：A system that saves staff time is more ___. Whether it solves the main problem determines whether it is ___.
4
改错：This is an important evidence for the claim.
5
短文为什么不能代表全部需要服务的人？回答须指出未纳入群体。
6
把The study proves that the method works for everyone改为有边界的陈述：研究只观察了一个班，结果与方法可能有帮助一致，没有排除其他因素。
7
词汇迁移：译：遗漏的变量可能成为混杂影响，因此样本中的关联不足以证明因果。
8
词汇迁移：译：稳健发现仍可能有内在限制；适度的主张应承认这些限制。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
“占比例”。印刷费用占预算四分之一；不是“解释预算”。
2
to; with。attribute A to B；consistent with。即使介词正确，也要继续评估归因是否有足够证据。
3
efficient; effective。资源效率与实现目标是不同评价维度，不能把节省人力直接等于解决问题。
4
This is an important piece of evidence for the claim. 或This is important evidence for the claim。evidence在此不可数。
5
从未注册的人不在数据中；他们可能也需要服务。访问数字只说明registered users，不能推广到whole community。
6
In one class, the findings were consistent with the method being helpful, but other factors could also have contributed. 评分8分：一个班范围2、可能支持而非证明2、其他因素2、语言2。
7
An omitted variable may be a confounding influence, so the association in the sample is not enough to establish causation. may保留假设状态。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。
8
A robust finding may still have inherent limitations, and a moderate claim should acknowledge them. robust不等于绝对真理；them指限制。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。