本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
区分引用、释义和摘要，在保留原意的同时明确来源归属。
识别只换同义词的拼贴改写，写出包含限制的独立摘要。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
摘要压缩整体主旨；释义重述一个较具体观点；直接引用保留原词并标出引号。改了措辞仍需要承认来源，因为观点或数据不是自己的。没有读过的文章不能凭标题编作者结论，也不要虚构作者、年份或DOI。
课程虚构材料，不是真实外部研究
材料A《Labels in a shared kitchen》： A workplace kitchen introduced labels asking staff to date food placed in the shared refrigerator. After four weeks, the cleaning team reported finding fewer containers whose contents could not be identified. Staff also said that the labels made it easier to ask colleagues about items left behind. However, the team did not weigh discarded food, and several employees were away during the final week. The observations therefore did not establish the amount of food waste prevented. The kitchen kept the labels and planned to collect more systematic records before making a broader claim.
材料B《Why small reminders can be missed》： A reminder is useful only if people notice it when they need to act. A large notice on a distant wall may be less useful than a brief instruction beside the relevant shelf. Yet location is not the only issue: staff must also understand who should act and what to do. Clear responsibility can matter as much as the size of the lettering.
来源归属写法
In the course's fictional kitchen example, labels were associated with fewer unidentified containers, although food waste was not measured. 这里告诉读者来源与虚构性质；没有假装真实科学研究。
若做真实课程论文，须按教师要求采用指定格式，核对作者、题名、日期、页码/网址。引用系统不同，但“读者能找到来源”“引用内容没有被扭曲”是共同底线。本课不代替具体院系格式手册。
防拼贴三步
读懂后写关键词；暂放原文，用自己的结构写；再回查意义和归属。仅把introduced替换成implemented、labels替换成tags，句法照搬，仍可能过度贴近原文。别为了改写强行把fridge换成含义不对的machine。
例题解析
错误：Research proves that labels eliminate food waste.
既删除虚构来源，又把“发现不明容器变少”改成“食物浪费消除”，严重失真。正确：In material A, the fictional cleaning team observed fewer unidentified containers after labels were introduced, but it did not measure discarded food. 先交代谁观察什么，再说明限制。
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| attribution | n. 来源归属；clear attribution |
| paraphrase | n./v. 释义改写；paraphrase a claim |
| quotation | n. 引用；a direct quotation |
| plagiarism | n. 剽窃；avoid plagiarism |
| systematic | adj. 系统的；systematic records |
| discard | v. 丢弃；discard food |
| identify | v. 识别；identify a container |
| metadata | n. 元数据；verify source metadata |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| citation | 引文标注；verify a citation | Verify a citation before including it in a reference list. |
| bibliography | 参考书目；prepare a bibliography | A bibliography should contain sources that the writer can identify. |
| reference list | 参考文献表；check the reference list | Check that every cited source appears in the reference list when the required style calls for it. |
| source provenance | 来源沿革；record source provenance | Recording source provenance helps readers trace where information came from. |
| patchwriting | 拼贴式改写；avoid patchwriting | Avoid patchwriting that merely swaps words in the original structure. |
| synthesis | 综合；write a synthesis | A synthesis explains relationships between sources rather than listing summaries. |
| verbatim | 逐字的；a verbatim quotation | A verbatim quotation preserves the original wording and needs clear marking. |
| paraphrasing | 释义改写；accurate paraphrasing | Accurate paraphrasing preserves uncertainty as well as the main claim. |
| acknowledge sources | 说明来源；acknowledge sources | A writer should acknowledge sources even when using different wording. |
| traceable | 可追溯的；a traceable source | A traceable source lets readers check the claim. |
| publication date | 出版日期；verify the publication date | Verify the publication date rather than guessing from a file name. |
| page number | 页码；record a page number | Record the page number when it is needed to locate a quotation. |
| secondary source | 二手来源；identify a secondary source | Identify a secondary source instead of pretending to have read the original. |
| academic integrity | 学术诚信；maintain academic integrity | Academic integrity requires honest attribution and reporting. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
写材料A的30—45词摘要，必须标明是课程虚构例子。
2
对材料B核心观点作一句英文释义，并标出材料来源。
3
判断：只要把每个词换成同义词，就不用标来源。解释为什么错误。
4
如何把材料A、B合成两句综述，而不是假装B证实A减少了食物浪费？
5
改写失真句：The kitchen measured a large reduction in food waste and proved that all labels work.
6
引用真实文章前发现作者和年份不明，应该如何处理？不得编一组看似真实的元数据。
7
词汇迁移：译：综合多个来源时，作者应说明来源并保留可追溯的引文标注，而不是拼贴改写。
8
词汇迁移：译：如果只读过二手来源，就不能假装核实了原作的出版日期和页码。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
In the course’s fictional kitchen example, dated labels were followed by fewer unidentified containers and easier communication about stored food. However, discarded food was not measured, and changing staff attendance limited broader conclusions about waste reduction. 10分：来源2、观察3、限制3、语言2。
2
Material B argues that reminders need clear placement, instructions and responsibility to help people act. 准确保留三个方面；并不说字号无关，只说not the only issue。
3
错误。思想和信息仍来自他人；逐词替换也未必形成真正独立表达，且可能引入歧义。应理解后重新组织并归属来源。
4
Material A describes a fictional use of labels that helped identify stored food, while noting that waste reduction was not measured. Material B offers a general explanation of why reminders depend on placement and clear responsibility, rather than proving the outcome in A. 10分：各来源内容4、区分关联/证明4、语言2。
5
The kitchen reported fewer unidentified containers, but it did not measure the amount of food discarded. The example cannot establish that all labels are effective. 不加large reduction，保留观察对象。
6
返回可靠原页面或出版记录核查；仍无法确认就如实标明缺失，依课程格式处理无作者/无日期，或换用可核实来源。不能捏造姓名、年份或DOI让引文看起来完整。
7
When synthesising several sources, writers should acknowledge them and keep traceable citations rather than rely on patchwriting. writers是synthesising执行者。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。
8
If you have read only a secondary source, you must not pretend to have verified the original work's publication date and page numbers. have read与have verified保留已完成状态。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。