本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
在带定语从句、名词性从句和非谓语的长句中提取主干。
准确识别否定范围、比较对象及指代，分层译出逻辑。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
长句的难度不在“长”，而在层级。做四步：①圈限定谓语；②用括号装入定语从句、插入语、介词短语；③恢复主干；④把限制条件接回去。不要先将每一个which都译成“哪一个”。
The proposal [that the students submitted after the survey] suggests [that a room (which is now used for storage) should become a quiet study area]. 主干The proposal suggests that…；第一个that是定语从句中的宾语，修饰proposal；第二个that引导suggests的宾语从句；which指room。建议内容使用should become，不能把“建议改造”译成“已经改造”。
名词后的that不一定是定语从句：The claim that the room is unsafe needs checking. 后面是完整命题，解释claim的内容，that不在从句中作成分；The claim that he challenged was unsupported中，challenged缺宾语，that指claim并作宾语。
非谓语要检查逻辑主语：Compared with last year's plan, the new plan costs less. 被比较的是new plan；Walking into the library, I noticed the signs中，走进去的人是I。Walking into the library, the signs looked new会使修饰悬空。
否定不可丢：Not all students agreed意为“并非所有学生都同意”，不是“所有人都不同意”。The scheme is not necessarily cheaper是“不一定更便宜”，不是“一定不便宜”。A is no less useful than B表示A至少和B同样有用；不能看见less就译成较差。
比较必须同类：The cost of the new plan is lower than that of the old one. that代cost；不能拿“费用”与“旧计划本身”直接比。只有理解逻辑后，才分句译成自然中文。
例题解析
Although the survey, which involved only volunteers, found that students who used the room studied longer, it did not establish that the room caused the increase.
让步从句主干the survey found that…；which补充样本范围。found的宾语从句主语是students，who used the room限定学生。主句主干it did not establish that…，it指survey。译为：“虽然这项仅让志愿参与者参加的调查发现，使用该房间的学生学习时间更长，但它并未证明是这个房间导致了学习时间增加。”限制样本、相关关系和否定结论三项均须保留。
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| proposal | n. 提议；submit a proposal |
| claim | n./v. 声称；a claim that…不等于已证实事实 |
| storage | n. 储存；used for storage |
| establish | v. 确立／证明；establish a relationship |
| necessarily | adv. 必然地；not necessarily不一定 |
| response rate | n. 回应率；a higher response rate |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| clause | 分句；a relative clause | A relative clause can identify which report we mean. |
| modify | 修饰；modify a noun | The phrase modifies the noun before it. |
| finite | 限定的；a finite verb | Find the finite verb before translating the sentence. |
| subordinate | 从属的；a subordinate clause | A subordinate clause may need a main clause to complete the sentence. |
| restrict | 限制；restrict the claim | The phrase restricts the claim to one group. |
| qualify | 限定；qualify a statement | The final words qualify the earlier statement. |
| negation | 否定；the scope of negation | The scope of negation changes the meaning. |
| comparison | 比较；a fair comparison | A fair comparison requires similar objects. |
| contrast | 对照；in contrast to | In contrast to the first plan, the second needs no extra room. |
| embedded | 嵌入的；an embedded question | The embedded question uses statement word order. |
| precede | 先于；precede the noun | An adjective often precedes the noun it describes. |
| referent | 所指对象；identify the referent | Identify the referent before translating the pronoun. |
| conditional | 条件的；a conditional clause | A conditional clause tells us when the claim applies. |
| regardless | 不受影响地；regardless of | The claim does not apply regardless of context. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
提取主干：The books that the lecturer recommended at the start of the course are available online. 再指出that在从句中的作用。
2
区分两处that：The idea that the library should close earlier worries students. / The idea that she rejected was expensive. 哪个解释内容，哪个代替宾语？
3
翻译：Not all changes that save time improve the quality of the work.
4
改悬空结构：After reading the report, several errors became clear. 用we作动作执行者。
5
填一个代词：The response rate in this survey was higher than ___ in the earlier survey. 解释它替代什么。
6
翻译并说明不确定性：The results suggest that the new system may be helpful, but they do not prove that it will work everywhere.
7
词汇迁移：译：这个条件分句把结论限制在一组参与者，而不是所有人。
8
词汇迁移：译：在比较这两个观点之前，先确认代词的所指对象和否定范围。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
The books are available online. that代books，作recommended的宾语；at the start of the course是时间状语，不是谓语。
2
第一句that引导解释idea内容的同位语从句，the library should close earlier本身成分完整。第二句that引导定语从句并作rejected的宾语；was expensive是主句谓语。
3
“并非所有能节省时间的改变都会提高工作质量。”not all的否定范围是all，不能译成“所有节省时间的改变都不能提高质量”。
4
After reading the report, we noticed several errors. 也可After we read the report, several errors became clear to us；有限从句明示we后不会悬空。
5
that，替代单数名词短语the response rate。复数rates才用those。than that in…避免拿回应率与survey比较。
6
“结果表明新系统可能有帮助，但并不能证明它在所有地方都有效。”suggest弱于prove，may表达可能性；把may删成“肯定有帮助”或把everywhere删掉都会改变结论强度。
7
This conditional clause restricts the conclusion to one group of participants rather than everyone. restrict A to B；rather than对照范围。6分：条件/范围3，搭配2，句法1。
8
Before comparing the two claims, identify the pronoun's referent and the scope of negation. 祈使句的隐含you同时是comparing执行者；比较与否定不可遗漏。6分：三项信息3，搭配2，句法1。