七至九年级原创英语读写课程 · 9年级上学期 · 第2课
适用与边界：按初中知识依赖循序推进，不冒充学校教材的精确单元顺序。全部短文、情境、题目为自编，不含听力。文中的80与95是本课程练习目标，不是中考分数承诺。
学习目标
- 在未知或不重要执行者的语境中选用被动。
- 区分被动、系表、主动特性及非谓语形式。
- 把科技过程写成信息清楚而非语法堆砌的说明。
核心讲解
选语态不是为了显得高级
介绍装置时读者往往关心装置的材料、用途和步骤：The model is powered by a small battery。介绍发明者时主动更自然：A student designed the model。两者都正确，焦点不同。无充分上下文时，不要把“所有科技文章都用被动”当规则。
判定流程：先看主语与动作的语义关系（做还是被做），再看时间，最后构成be+过去分词。The satellite sends signals是卫星主动发送；Signals are sent by the satellite是信号被发。真实科学事实在使用时需查可靠来源；本课科技文本为虚构课堂设计，不据此推断真实航天性能。
The door is open里open为形容词状态，The door is opened by a helper里opened为被动动作。The model looks simple用系动词+形容词；The product sells well为主动形式表达销售特性；The experiment happened不成立为普通被动转换素材，happen本身通常不可被动。
需要表达“正在被...”可识别am/is/are being done：The model is being tested now；过去正在被可识别was/were being done。它们不是is testing（主语正在测试别人）或has been tested（已完成的测试结果）。初中综合阅读能区分，写作优先用自己掌握的准确结构。
说明过程可按目的—构成—工作步骤—限制组织。用first等排序时只解释真实已知步骤，不为凑被动凭空添加安全性或性能保证。
本课词汇与搭配
词义按本课语境给出；同一词可能还有其他含义。先遮住中文回忆，再把搭配写入自己的句子，不只抄单词。
| 词或短语 | 本课意思 | 常用搭配或用法 |
|---|---|---|
| satellite | 卫星 | a model satellite |
| signal | 信号 | send a signal |
| sensor | 传感器 | a light sensor |
| battery | 电池 | a small battery |
| energy | 能量 | save energy |
| device | 装置 | test a device |
| design | 设计 | design a model |
| test | 测试 | be tested carefully |
| function | 功能 | a basic function |
| limitation | 局限 | a design limitation |
主题阅读与词汇扩展 太空探测器模型与任务约束
以下为同课主题拓展的已讲词条，每条包含本课释义、搭配和原创例句。可遮中文回忆，再改写一个例句；不是要求一次背完，也不冒充官方完整词表。
| 词或表达 | 本课意思 | 搭配 | 原创例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| space | 太空 | space exploration | The project imagines a space exploration task. |
| planet | 行星 | a distant planet | The story is set near a distant planet. |
| orbit | 轨道 绕轨运行 | enter an orbit | The diagram shows a planned orbit. |
| mission | 任务 | a space mission | Every space mission has a clear purpose in the model task. |
| launch | 发射 | launch a rocket | The poster describes a fictional rocket launch. |
| rocket | 火箭 | a model rocket | The class builds a paper rocket for display. |
| probe | 探测器 | a space probe | The model probe records a light signal. |
| rover | 探测车 | a small rover | A small rover moves across the classroom test surface. |
| gravity | 重力 | the force of gravity | The teacher explains gravity with a simple diagram. |
| universe | 宇宙 | study the universe | The exhibition introduces questions about the universe. |
选读脚手架：这段主题阅读用于在语境中复现词汇，不要求初次学习就独立认出所有词。先读后面的中文问题，再找谁、做什么、为什么；未列入词表的难词可查阅或请教师解释，不因出现过一次就计作已掌握。
原创主题短文
For a fictional space mission, a class designs a rover that must cross a rough model surface and send a written status message. Students cannot touch the rover during the test, because their task represents remote operation. One wheel becomes stuck beside a small block. Instead of calling the mission a failure immediately, the team checks the camera image and sends a new movement command. The rover reaches the marker on its second attempt. The report says the classroom model tested a response to an obstacle, not survival on a real planet. Temperature, radiation and many other conditions were not part of the test.
读写示范问题：探测任务为何限制手动触碰？哪些表现已测试，哪些太空条件未测试？请写一条限制说明。
证据解析与迁移：不手碰是模拟遥控探测与距离约束；已测模型越障、图像核查和调整指令，未测真实行星生存条件。示例The rover reached the marker in a classroom test, but its performance in space has not been tested。文中任务虚构，不把模型结果包装为真实航天性能。
以上是有解析的教学示范，不另计入独立编号练习；计分任务总数见练习区。
例题解析
例1：The model ___ (test) now by our teacher。主语model承受测试，now进行，用is being tested。
例2：The model ___ (look) simple。look作系动词，单数主语用looks，不写is looked simple。
例3：Someone has repaired the sensor → The sensor has been repaired。完成被动说明修复已发生，不等于整个系统“绝无故障”。
练习
作答要求：除填写答案或写句子外，非写作题均补一句简短理由或原文依据；答案中说明/依据的分数正用于这一步。开放写作按所列量表评分，不必另写语法理由。
共10个编号任务，每题10分，总分100分；一题多空按答案分项给分。第1—8题为基础区80分，目标至少64/80并订正错因；第9—10题为巩固迁移区。冲刺95%以全课得分除以总分计算，至少需95/100，还要求阅读依据可靠、写作切题，不能只背答案。开放题示例不是唯一答案。
1. G9A02-E01
选主动被动：The model satellite (sends/is sent) a signal to the screen.
2. G9A02-E02
转被动：A small battery powers the device.
3. G9A02-E03
填空：The sensor ___ (repair) yesterday.
4. G9A02-E04
用现在进行时被动：The machine ___ (test) now.
5. G9A02-E05
改错：The design is looked simple.
6. G9A02-E06
区分The door is open与The door is opened every morning。
7. G9A02-E07
填空：By noon yesterday, the damaged part ___ (replace). 明确更换早于过去中午。
8. G9A02-E08
判断“has been tested”是否自动等于“proved completely safe”。
9. G9A02-E09
阅读虚构项目：Our class built a small “moon station” model. A sensor turns on a light when the cover is closed. The model has been tested indoors, but it has not been tested in heat or rain. 可否宣称适用于真实月面？写已知功能与未验证范围。
10. G9A02-E10
写100—120词虚构课堂节水装置说明，含目的、工作步骤、测试情况与至少一个限制；不冒充真实产品证明。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1. G9A02-E01 答案
sends。模型是发送者，a signal为宾语。选择6分，角色4分。
2. G9A02-E02 答案
The device is powered by a small battery. device承受供能，当前状态用is powered。结构8分，说明2分。
3. G9A02-E03 答案
was repaired。过去时间，sensor为被修复对象。形式6分，依据4分。
4. G9A02-E04 答案
is being tested。正在被测试，不能漏being。形式6分，进行被动4分。
5. G9A02-E05 答案
The design looks simple. look在此系动词，接形容词，非被动。修改6分，解释4分。
6. G9A02-E06 答案
前者open为形容词表当前开着；后者opened为分词，与every morning构成经常被打开的动作。各5分。
7. G9A02-E07 答案
had been replaced。过去完成时+被动：had been done。形式6分，时间和受事4分；此为综合识别扩展。
8. G9A02-E08 答案
不等于。接受过测试不等于完成所有安全证明，测试范围与结果须另有证据。判断4分，证据边界6分。
9. G9A02-E09 答案
不可。已知仅是合盖亮灯的课堂模型，室内测试过；高温和雨环境尚未测，更没有真实月面证据。功能3分，范围3分，结论4分。题目中的名称不是性能证明。
10. G9A02-E10 答案
示例：Our group has designed a classroom model to remind users to turn off a tap. A small sensor is placed beside a cup, and a light is connected to a battery. When water reaches the marked level, the light turns on. The model has been tested several times with the same cup, and the signal was easy to notice. However, different containers have not yet been tested, so we cannot claim that the design works in every situation. Next, we will compare results from cups of different sizes. The project has helped us understand how a useful idea needs both a clear purpose and careful testing. 内容4分，语态时态4分，限制与证据表达2分。
学习证据与复习
基础区低于64分：返回本课核心讲解，给每个错误贴上“词义、句法、时间、证据、表达”之一，再不看答案重做。达到基础目标：隔两天用不同主语或情境重新造句。冲刺95：将第9题的证据位置和第10题的修改理由写出来；不要把一次满分当成迁移能力。
前置复习：上一课。
课程定位参考：人民教育出版社新版初中英语教材介绍。仅用于教材背景，不表示出版社审核或认可本课程。