建议位置：高1·下；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。
学习目标
- 区分情态动词的义务、许可和推测意义
- 准确表达禁止、不必以及过去未实现的建议
- 用有根据的语言表达不确定性
- 在“健康、安全与公共责任”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。
核心讲解
1. 同一个词可能承担不同功能
must 可表强烈义务（You must wear a helmet）或根据证据作强推断（She must be tired）。may/can 可表许可；could/might 可降低推断的确定度或使请求更礼貌。can 表能力时可用过去 could，但某次实际成功常用 was/were able to 或 managed to；语境不同不能机械互换。
2. 否定不对称
mustn't = 禁止；don't have to / needn't = 不必。推断“肯定不是”常用 can't，不是把 must be 简单否定成 mustn't be。may not 表“可能不”，力度弱于 can't。
3. 情态 + have done
must have left：对过去的较强推测；might have missed：对过去的可能推测；should have checked：原本应检查，常暗示未做；needn't have bought：买了但其实没必要。didn't need to buy 只说没必要买，是否买了须靠上下文。不要把 should have done 当一般过去事实陈述。
4. 条件与承诺
If the data are incomplete, we will collect more. 普通开放条件不等于“虚拟”。提建议时选择适当语气：You could… 比 You must… 保留更多选择。
主题词汇拓展：健康、安全与公共责任
下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。
本课词汇与搭配
| 词条 | 词性 / 条目类型 | 核心义 | 语境搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| obligation | n. | 义务 | a legal obligation |
| permission | n. | 许可 | ask permission |
| evidence | n. | 证据 | limited evidence |
| certainty | n. | 确定性 | a degree of certainty |
| possibility | n. | 可能性 | another possibility |
| helmet | n. | 头盔 | wear a helmet |
| electronic | adj. | 电子的 | an electronic copy |
| confirm | v. | 确认 | confirm the date |
| revise | v. | 修改；复习 | revise a paragraph |
| otherwise | adv. | 否则；在其他方面 | leave now; otherwise… |
| alternative | n./adj. | 替代方案；可替代的 | an alternative explanation |
| appropriate | adj. | 恰当的 | appropriate language |
| well-being | 单词 | 身心健康 | support well-being |
| symptom | 单词 | 症状 | report a symptom |
| fatigue | 单词 | 疲劳 | mental fatigue |
| stress | 单词 | 压力 | manage stress |
| anxiety | 单词 | 焦虑 | feel anxiety |
| nutrition | 单词 | 营养 | basic nutrition |
| balanced | 单词 | 均衡的 | a balanced diet |
| hydration | 单词 | 水分补充状态 | adequate hydration |
| fitness | 单词 | 体能；健康状态 | physical fitness |
| stamina | 单词 | 耐力 | build stamina |
| posture | 单词 | 姿势 | a comfortable posture |
| hygiene | 单词 | 卫生 | food hygiene |
| infection | 单词 | 感染 | reduce infection risk |
| prevention | 单词 | 预防 | disease prevention |
| precaution | 单词 | 预防措施 | take a precaution |
| hazard | 单词 | 危险源 | identify a hazard |
| risk | 单词 | 风险 | assess a risk |
| emergency | 单词 | 紧急情况 | an emergency exit |
| procedure | 单词 | 程序 | an emergency procedure |
| restriction | 单词 | 限制 | a safety restriction |
| prohibit | 单词 | 禁止 | prohibit entry |
| mandatory | 单词 | 强制的 | mandatory training |
| permitted | 单词 | 获准的 | permitted access |
| consent | 单词 | 同意 | informed consent |
| confidential | 单词 | 保密的 | confidential information |
| responsibility | 单词 | 责任 | shared responsibility |
| accountable | 单词 | 需负责的 | accountable for decisions |
| welfare | 单词 | 福祉 | public welfare |
| awareness | 单词 | 意识 | safety awareness |
| first aid | 短语 | 急救 | first-aid training |
阅读材料
主题词汇语境：健康、安全与公共责任
Before the field visit, the organiser explained the emergency procedure and identified possible hazards. Safety training was mandatory, but joining the optional walk was not. Students were reminded to report symptoms of illness rather than hide them. Personal health information would remain confidential. The notice did not offer medical treatment: it explained responsibilities, permitted access and how to seek qualified help. A claim that an activity supports well-being is not a guarantee that it suits every individual.
例题解析
例 1 The lights are off, but that does not prove nobody is home. → They might be out 比 They must be out 更符合证据；房间黑不是决定性证据。
例 2 I brought lunch, but the school provided food for everyone. → I needn't have brought lunch. 已带午餐是明确事实，不能把句子解释成没带。
练习
从 mustn’t / don’t have to 中选择：You ___ enter this area; it is unsafe. You ___ print the form; an electronic copy is accepted.
根据事实选合适表达并解释：Li has just texted me from Beijing. He (must/can’t/might) be in our classroom in Nanchang now. 假定短信位置属实。
用 should have 改写：We did not check the date, and this was a mistake.
解释 needn’t have paid 与 didn’t need to pay 的差别。
选择最佳建议：朋友想提高书面表达。A. You must become perfect immediately. B. You could keep a short journal and revise one paragraph each week. 为什么？
用两句英文报告推断：地面湿了；可能下过雨，但洒水车也能解释。不得把降雨写成已确认事实。
【主题词汇·辨义】用mustn’t / don’t have to表达：①禁止进入有hazard的区域；②optional walk可以不参加。再解释confidential不等于“任何情况下都永远不能分享”。
【主题词汇·迁移】写两句安全告知，含mandatory和permitted；再写一句对不确定健康相关结论的谨慎表达。不要提供个人治疗建议。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
mustn’t；don’t have to。第一空禁止进入；第二空纸质非必需，但不是禁止打印。
can’t。题设确保位置属实且两地无法同时身处，表示强否定推断；must 表肯定、might 表有可能，都不合题设。现实中仍须核实时间和位置来源。
We should have checked the date. have checked 指过去，should 表应做而未做的评价。
needn’t have paid 明确表示付过了但不必要；didn’t need to pay 表过去没有付款必要，本身不保证实际付没付。
B。给出具体、可执行并保留选择的建议；A 对短期完美的要求不现实，must 语气也不适合此情境。
示例：The ground is wet, so it might have rained. However, a street-cleaning vehicle could also have made it wet. 关键：might/could + have done 表过去可能性，并保留替代解释。
①You mustn’t enter the hazardous area（也可the area where a hazard has been identified）。②You don’t have to join the optional walk。confidential指应按授权和适当程序保护信息，不是无需语境的绝对永不披露；本文未提供具体披露政策，不自行添加。
示例：Safety training is mandatory before the visit. Access to the work area is permitted only with a guide. The activity may support well-being, but that does not establish its suitability for every participant. 要点：义务与许可清晰；may不当成治疗保证。
订正与迁移
先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。
课程与来源说明
原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。
本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：