建议位置：高1·下；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。
学习目标
- 形成常用时态的被动结构并保持信息焦点
- 区别被动动作和形容词状态
- 避免不及物动词和使役结构的典型错误
- 在“材料、制造与工程流程”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。
核心讲解
1. 被动不仅是换顺序
主动句强调行动者；被动句常把已知对象置于句首，适合过程说明和报告。The volunteers collected the bottles → The bottles were collected by the volunteers。时态由 be 承担，实义动词为过去分词：is repaired / was repaired / is being repaired / has been repaired / will be repaired / must be repaired。没有必要重复无关的 by people。
2. 先判断动词能否带宾语
happen、occur、arrive、belong（此处常见义）通常不能改为被动：The accident happened，不能写 was happened；The book belongs to Lin，不写 is belonged to。感官/使役结构主动省 to，被动常恢复：They made us wait → We were made to wait。双宾语结构允许不同焦点：We were given a map / A map was given to us。
3. 状态与过程要靠语境
The door is closed 可描述关着的状态，也可在特定语境描述常规动作；The door is being closed 明确描述正在关。报道转述可写 It is believed that… / The method is believed to…，但不能借被动隐去证据来源、让猜测看起来像事实。
主题词汇拓展：材料、制造与工程流程
下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。
本课词汇与搭配
| 词条 | 词性 / 条目类型 | 核心义 | 语境搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| restore | v. | 修复 | restore an old hall |
| entrance | n. | 入口 | another entrance |
| publish | v. | 出版；发布 | publish a report |
| sample | n./v. | 样本；取样 | collect samples |
| examine | v. | 检查 | examine the evidence |
| procedure | n. | 程序；步骤 | follow a procedure |
| conduct | v. | 开展 | conduct an experiment |
| measure | v./n. | 测量；措施 | measure temperature |
| release | v./n. | 发布；释放 | release the results |
| maintain | v. | 维护；维持 | maintain equipment |
| construct | v. | 建造 | construct a bridge |
| promising | adj. | 有前景的 | promising results |
| material | 单词 | 材料 | select a material |
| substance | 单词 | 物质 | a chemical substance |
| metal | 单词 | 金属 | recycled metal |
| steel | 单词 | 钢 | a steel frame |
| copper | 单词 | 铜 | copper wire |
| aluminium | 单词 | 铝 | an aluminium container |
| plastic | 单词 | 塑料 | recycled plastic |
| rubber | 单词 | 橡胶 | a rubber seal |
| fibre | 单词 | 纤维 | natural fibres |
| fabric | 单词 | 织物 | a durable fabric |
| timber | 单词 | 木材 | locally sourced timber |
| concrete | 单词 | 混凝土 | a concrete base |
| ceramic | 单词 | 陶瓷的；陶瓷 | a ceramic bowl |
| transparent | 单词 | 透明的 | transparent panels |
| flexible | 单词 | 柔韧的 | flexible tubing |
| rigid | 单词 | 坚硬不弯的 | a rigid frame |
| resistant | 单词 | 有抵抗力的 | resistant to heat |
| waterproof | 单词 | 防水的 | a waterproof cover |
| manufacture | 单词 | 制造 | manufacture components |
| assemble | 单词 | 组装 | assemble a device |
| weld | 单词 | 焊接 | weld metal joints |
| seal | 单词 | 密封 | seal a container |
| inspect | 单词 | 检查 | inspect the surface |
| install | 单词 | 安装 | install a panel |
| replace | 单词 | 替换 | replace a worn part |
| recycle | 单词 | 回收利用 | recycle metal |
| transform | 单词 | 转变 | transform waste into material |
| defect | 单词 | 缺陷 | identify a defect |
| specification | 单词 | 规格 | meet a specification |
| quality control | 短语 | 质量控制 | carry out quality control |
阅读材料
主题词汇语境：材料、制造与工程流程
The frame was assembled from recycled aluminium and inspected before the transparent panels were installed. A flexible rubber seal was added around each edge. The cover was designed to be waterproof, but every finished unit still had to be tested. During quality control, a small defect was found in one joint. The affected component was replaced rather than hidden beneath paint. The final report recorded the materials and the specification used for inspection.
例题解析
例 1 The old hall ___ (restore) now, so visitors must use another entrance. → is being restored。now 与替代入口支持进行中的被动，不是 has restored（主语 hall 不实施修复）。
例 2 Someone has stolen my bike. → My bike has been stolen。保留现在完成时和结果关联；不能只写 was stolen 而不考虑原句时间焦点。
例 3 The results were described as promising. → as promising 是对结果的评价，不是新的时态；分析时先找到 were described。
练习
改为被动，保留时态：The team will publish the report next week.
填词：The road ___ (repair) at the moment, so traffic is slow.
改错：A serious problem was happened during the test.
改为被动：The coach made the players repeat the exercise.
比较：The windows were broken when we arrived. / The windows were being broken when we arrived. 各自能确认什么？
写两句50词以内的实验记录：昨天收集了30份水样；样品现在正在实验室检查。说明为什么选被动。
【主题词汇·辨义】选择最贴切搭配：①a ___ cover that keeps rain out；②___ a worn component；③___ metal joints；④meet a technical ___。
【主题词汇·迁移】用三句被动句描述一种产品：选材、组装、发现缺陷后的处理。至少使用assemble、inspect、defect。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
The report will be published by the team next week. will be + 过去分词；若施事不重要可省 by the team。
is being repaired。road 接受修理且 at the moment 表进行。
A serious problem happened during the test. happen 为不及物动词，不能构造该被动。也可写 A serious problem occurred。
The players were made to repeat the exercise by the coach. make 的主动宾补用原形，被动恢复 to。
第一句常可理解为到达时窗户已处于破损状态，也可能在特定语境中指打破动作发生在我们到达之时；单独一句不能唯一确定状态或事件读法。第二句明确突出到达时打破窗户的动作正在进行。两句都不能自行确定施事者。
示例：Thirty water samples were collected yesterday. They are now being examined in the laboratory. 被动使焦点保持在样品及其处理过程；不重要或未知的实施者可省。不能写 are examined 来突出此刻正在进行的过程而完全不解释语境。
①waterproof；②replace；③weld；④specification。resistant需说明resistant to什么，不直接等于绝对防水；assemble是组装整体，不等于每个连接都焊接。
示例：The stand was assembled from steel parts. Each joint was inspected before delivery. When a defect was found, the damaged part was replaced. 要点：被动形式正确；过程先后合理；不声称未经检查的物品绝对安全。
订正与迁移
先遮住答案独立完成，再为每处错误记录“语境线索—适用规则—我的新例句”。隔一天换一个主题复做，不以背熟本页答案代替迁移。完整篇章写作按题后量规人工核查，短句产出按答案中的结构与信息要点自查；不把示例当成唯一答案。
课程与来源说明
原创高中书面英语能力递进课；参考人教版必修—选择性必修的能力梯度，但未取得学习者学校的准确版次和教学表，年级/学期仅为建议学习位置，不等同于官方教材单元对应。课标以2017年版2025年修订为当前版本；不把2020年文本称为最新，也不声称已逐条核对2025全文。考试形式参照已核验的江西/新课标公开说明；不含听力。
本课讲解、例句、语篇和题目为原创。来源链接用于课程/考试形式定位，不表示转载官方试题或逐句对应教材：