14 分词与简化从句：谁在行动，何时发生

建议位置：高2·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

学习目标

• 区分现在分词主动/过程与过去分词被动/状态
• 还原分词定语和状语并检查逻辑主语
• 表达非谓语的先后与被动关系
• 在“野外环境、地貌与风险”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

核心讲解

1. -ing 不等于现在，-ed 不等于过去

The students waiting outside are anxious：waiting 与 students 主动；The documents signed yesterday are here：signed 与 documents 被动。真正时态由主句决定；同一 waiting 可出现在过去或将来语境。

2. 状语与主语对齐

Walking along the river, I noticed a damaged sign. walking 的执行者为 I。Seen from the hill, the town looks small. town 接受“看”；不要写 Seeing from the hill, the town…。 分词状语可表时间、原因、条件、伴随或结果，必须由语境判定。Given enough time, we can finish ≈ If we are given enough time。不是所有从句都可机械删主语和 be；主语不同或逻辑不清时保留从句更准确。

3. 时间与语态

Having checked the figures, she sent the report：check 先于 sent；Having been warned about the ice, they walked carefully：先受到警告。to be repaired 表待修；being repaired 表正在被修；repaired 可表已修/被修状态：the bridge to be repaired / being repaired / repaired last year。不定式完成式 to have done 用于与主句参照点的先后：She seems to have left。

4. 独立结构只作提高理解

Weather permitting, we will go. weather 是 permitting 自己的逻辑主语。它不是悬垂分词，因为逻辑主语已明确；基础写作更稳妥用 If the weather permits。

5. 不定式的进行与完成

She seems to be working强调与seems大致同时的过程；She seems to have finished强调在当前判断前已完成。The building is believed to have been damaged表示现在存在一种判断，而受损发生得更早，且building是受事。非谓语自身不独立决定绝对年月，而是表达相对主句的时间与语态。

主题词汇拓展：野外环境、地貌与风险

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

本课词汇与搭配

阅读材料

主题词汇语境：野外环境、地貌与风险

Having checked the forecast, the fieldwork group chose an observation point above the wetland. The route through dense vegetation was closed after a landslide, so they followed the marked path instead. Seen from the ridge, the valley looked calm, but a rising tide was changing the conditions below. The leader kept the group away from the shore and recorded observations from a safe distance. A useful field report described both the habitat and the limits on access.

例题解析

例 1 Having lost the map, the route seemed confusing. 错在 lost 的执行者被迫变成 route。改为 Having lost the map, we found the route confusing。

例 2 The houses damaged in the storm need repair. 还原为 the houses that were damaged…；不能还原为 houses that damaged the storm。

例 3 The painting being restored cannot be moved. being restored 表当前修复过程；换 restored 会把时间关系改掉。

练习

1. 填词并说明关系：The woman ___ (stand) by the door is the scientist we invited.

2. 填词：The files ___ (save) on this drive yesterday are copies.

3. 将原因从句简化且保持先后：Because she had checked every figure, she felt confident about the report.

4. 修复：Walking into the hall, the paintings immediately caught my eye.

5. 分别译出：the bridge to be repaired；the bridge being repaired；the bridge repaired last spring。

6. 改成分词状语：If the samples are stored correctly, they will remain useful for a week. 指出主语为何匹配。

7. 【非谓语时间】选适当形式并解释：①She appears ___ (work) on the report right now，强调此刻过程；②The vase is believed ___ (make) more than two hundred years ago，强调被制作先于当前判断。

8. 【主题词汇·辨义】给两分词结构找逻辑主语：Having checked the forecast, the group…；Seen from the ridge, the valley…。再解释visibility与view的差别。

9. 【主题词汇·迁移】用Having checked…和Located…各写一句野外记录，使用forecast、shelter、remote之一；不编造危险冒险行为。