本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
按目的、方法、结果、限制和建议组织短报告，区分观察与建议。
准确表述比例、百分点和样本范围，不把志愿者样本泛化到全体。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
报告不是把数据排成一串。标题让读者知道主题；方法交代谁、何时、怎样回答；结果只报告所得；解释说明可能意义与限制；建议与证据相称。不要用we proved代替小样本描述。
课程虚构数据：午间休息空间调查
40名自愿填写问卷的员工；每人选择最主要需求一项：安静休息20人、方便用餐12人、简短社交8人。人数合计40，比例50%、30%、20%。这不代表公司所有员工的精确需求分布。没有被邀请人数，不能计算response rate。
另两次独立记录显示，一间休息室使用率从40%升至50%。增加10个百分点；相对于原值增加(50−40)/40=25%。二者不能混写“上升10%”。若统计时段或分母不同，比较还需限定。
原创报告示例
Purpose and method This report summarises a voluntary questionnaire about lunchtime spaces. Forty employees selected one main need. The questionnaire did not collect responses from every employee.
Findings Twenty respondents preferred quiet rest, while twelve selected convenient eating facilities and eight chose brief social interaction. Quiet rest was therefore the most common preference in this sample. It was not a preference shared by everyone.
Limitations and recommendation The sample may overrepresent employees who have strong views about the current facilities. The survey also asked about preference, not actual use. A reasonable next step would be to test clearly separated quiet and social areas for two weeks, record use and invite comments from people who did not complete the questionnaire. The findings support a limited trial, not an immediate claim that one design will suit the whole workplace.
健康语境中写quiet rest、workplace comfort是一般环境描述，不据此下医学疗效结论。
例题解析
错误：50% of all workers need medical rest, proving that the workplace causes illness.
原数据是40位志愿者中20人选择安静休息；没有医疗需求、病因或全体员工数据。准确：Half of the forty respondents selected quiet rest as their main lunchtime need.
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| respondent | n. 回应者；survey respondents |
| proportion | n. 比例；a large proportion of respondents |
| percentage point | 百分点；an increase of ten percentage points |
| relative | adj. 相对的；a relative increase |
| denominator | n. 分母；identify the denominator |
| overrepresent | v. 过度代表；overrepresent one group |
| preference | n. 偏好；a stated preference |
| executive summary | 执行摘要／管理摘要 |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| survey instrument | 调查工具；design a survey instrument | The survey instrument asked respondents to select one main need. |
| sampling | 抽样；voluntary sampling | Voluntary sampling can overrepresent people with strong concerns. |
| response rate | 回应率；calculate the response rate | A response rate requires a clearly defined denominator. |
| frequency table | 频数表；read a frequency table | The frequency table listed the number choosing each option. |
| mean | 平均数；calculate the mean | The mean cannot be calculated without numerical observations. |
| median | 中位数；compare the median | The median is determined after ordering the values. |
| range | 范围／极差；report the range | A report can use the range to describe variation. |
| percentage | 百分比；express a percentage | Express the percentage together with its denominator when useful. |
| percentage-point change | 百分点变化；a percentage-point change | A percentage-point change differs from a relative percentage increase. |
| non-response | 未回应；consider non-response | Non-response may affect whose views are represented. |
| self-selection | 自我选择；self-selection bias | Self-selection bias can occur when participation is voluntary. |
| tabulate | 制成表格；tabulate responses | Tabulate responses without changing the original categories. |
| limitation statement | 局限说明；write a limitation statement | A limitation statement explains what the findings cannot establish. |
| recommendation section | 建议部分；a proportionate recommendation section | The recommendation section should not promise more than the findings support. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
计算12/40的百分比，并写英文结果句。
2
使用率40%→50%，分别写百分点增加与相对增加。
3
能否算此问卷回应率？缺少哪个分母？
4
把Most employees dislike social activities改成数据能支持的陈述。
5
写一个两句限制段，分别谈自愿样本与偏好不等于行为。
6
用100—140词写该虚构调查的执行摘要，含目的、最主要结果、限制和建议。
7
词汇迁移：译：这张频数表可以计算各选项的百分比，但没有邀请人数就不能计算回应率。
8
词汇迁移：译：局限说明应讨论自我选择和未回应，而建议部分应与实际发现相称。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
30%。Twelve of the forty respondents, or 30%, selected convenient eating facilities. respondents比employees范围准确。
2
It increased by ten percentage points, from 40% to 50%. 相对于原40%，It increased by 25%。不能说from40to50=10% relative increase。
3
不能。需知道有多少符合调查范围且被邀请的人，才能在适当定义下用回应人数/邀请人数。题目只给40份回应。
4
Eight of the forty respondents chose brief social interaction as their main need. 其他人没把它选为最主要需求，不代表dislike。
5
Because participation was voluntary, the responses may not represent every employee. The questionnaire measured stated preferences rather than how people actually used the space. 8分：自愿限制3、偏好行为3、语言2。
6
This report examines lunchtime space preferences in a voluntary questionnaire completed by forty employees. Twenty respondents selected quiet rest, making it the most common main preference in the sample. Twelve preferred convenient eating facilities, and eight chose brief social interaction.
These figures should not be treated as the views of all employees. People with stronger concerns may have been more likely to respond, and stated preferences do not necessarily predict actual use. A short trial with separate quiet and social areas would be a proportionate next step. The workplace should record use during the trial and invite comments from employees who did not answer the questionnaire before making a permanent change.
20分：方法范围4、数字准确5、限制4、建议3、组织语言4。
7
The frequency table allows us to calculate the percentage for each option, but we cannot calculate the response rate without the number invited. 分母区别明确。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。
8
The limitation statement should discuss self-selection and non-response, while the recommendation section should remain proportionate to the actual findings. while对比段落职责。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。