本课为原创大学书面英语能力课程，不对应统一的人教版大学教材或固定大学年级；不含听力。练习目标只反映本站材料掌握情况，不保证实际考试分数。
学习目标
写出问题、方案、资源、风险和评估相连的提案，而非只喊目标。
用可执行的小规模试行说明减少食物浪费的方案，区分假设与事实。
在本课主题中理解新增词块的语境用法，并把其中相关词项迁移到新的完整句子。
核心讲解
提案回答“要解决什么、准备怎么做、需要什么、可能出什么问题、如何知道是否有效”。报告描述已有情况，提案争取对未来行动的认可；时态和情态因此不同。可行性包括人员、时间、材料和授权，不等于写一句It is feasible。
原创提案示例：A smaller-portion option
Problem and aim The canteen has received comments that some fixed portions are larger than students want. These comments suggest a possible source of food waste, but the amount has not yet been measured. The aim is to test whether offering a smaller portion can reduce leftovers without limiting students' choices.
Proposed action For two weeks, one serving station would offer both the usual portion and a smaller option at a clearly displayed price. Staff would explain that either choice is acceptable. Students who want the usual amount should not be pressured to take less.
Resources and safeguards The trial would require clear signs, consistent serving utensils and staff time to record results. Food handling would continue to follow the canteen's established safety procedures. The proposal does not ask students to handle returned food or offer nutritional advice.
Evaluation The team would record the number of each portion sold and measure leftovers using the canteen's approved procedure. It would also collect comments about value and satisfaction. The comparison should account for menu differences. A smaller total weight of leftovers would need to be considered alongside the number of meals served, not treated alone as proof of success.
这只是语言课程中的方案范例，不是授权实施或食品安全操作指导。文章保留“尚未测量”，未编造浪费吨数。
例题解析
弱评估标准：We will know the plan works because everybody will like it. 改：We will compare leftovers per meal and collect comments about portion choice. “每餐”控制就餐总量差异；comments仍需注意谁回应和谁没回应。计划可能有多项目标，不要求单个数字包办全部。
本课词汇与搭配
下列为本课实际讲解的词项；词形变化及同一词的不同义项不等于新增独立词汇量。
| 词项 | 本课义项及用法 |
|---|---|
| proposal | n. 提案；a practical proposal |
| feasibility | n. 可行性；assess feasibility |
| portion | n. 一份食物；a smaller portion |
| leftovers | n. 剩余食物；measure leftovers |
| utensil | n. 用具；serving utensils |
| safeguard | n. 保障措施；include safeguards |
| satisfaction | n. 满意度；user satisfaction |
| per meal | 每餐；leftovers per meal |
词汇工坊
本表补足本课话题的读写词块，含中学承接和大学应用，不将每项都计为大学新词。先遮住中文解释推测例句，再用自己的句子替换人物、时间或对象。理解义项、掌握搭配、能够迁移是三项不同任务；下方两道迁移练习检验部分关键词块，不代表全部词项已自动掌握。
| 词项 | 义项与搭配 | 原创语境例句 |
|---|---|---|
| pilot | 试点；run a pilot | Run a pilot before committing to a full rollout. |
| rollout | 全面推广；a phased rollout | A phased rollout allows the team to review problems early. |
| budget | 预算；set a budget | Set a budget that includes continuing costs. |
| resource allocation | 资源分配；plan resource allocation | Resource allocation should match the proposed timetable. |
| stakeholder | 利益相关方；consult stakeholders | Consult stakeholders who will use or maintain the service. |
| risk assessment | 风险评估；conduct a risk assessment | The proposal included a risk assessment before implementation. |
| contingency | 应急安排；a contingency plan | A contingency plan explained what would happen if staff were unavailable. |
| procurement | 采购；procurement requirements | Procurement requirements may affect how quickly materials can be obtained. |
| deliverable | 交付成果；define a deliverable | Define a deliverable that can be checked at the end of the trial. |
| success criterion | 成功标准；agree a success criterion | Agree a success criterion before interpreting the result. |
| monitoring plan | 监测计划；a monitoring plan | The monitoring plan recorded both benefits and problems. |
| cost-effectiveness | 成本效益；assess cost-effectiveness | Cost-effectiveness depends on benefits as well as expenditure. |
| expenditure | 支出；record expenditure | Record expenditure rather than relying on an initial estimate alone. |
| proportionality | 相称性；consider proportionality | Proportionality asks whether the scale of action fits the problem. |
练习
先独立完成，再核对答案；开放题须按要点人工评分，不以是否逐字等同范文评分。
1
从范文找出问题、方案、资源和评估各一项。
2
为什么只比较两周垃圾总重可能误导？列一个必要控制条件。
3
把We have eliminated food waste改成与试行尚未开展相符的目标陈述。
4
写一句资源限制和一句对应调整。
5
为此提案拟一个具体而不过度承诺的标题。
6
用120—160词写另一方案：减少图书馆不必要打印。须写一个可执行行动、资源、风险与评估。
7
词汇迁移：译：在全面推广之前，试点应有预算、风险评估和可检查的交付成果。
8
词汇迁移：译：监测计划不仅记录支出，也记录收益，这样才能评估成本效益。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1
问题：部分固定分量可能偏大；方案：一个窗口两周提供大小份；资源：标牌、统一餐具、人手；评估：选择数量、每餐剩余量及意见。不能把目标当成已测结果。
2
就餐人数或菜单可能变化；至少比较每餐剩余量，并记录菜单或使用尽量可比时期。总重少也可能只是吃饭人数少。
3
The trial aims to reduce avoidable food waste by offering a smaller-portion option. aims to保留未来目标，不说已eliminated。
4
Staff time is limited. The trial could therefore begin at one serving station rather than across the whole canteen. 两句分别写资源限制与对应调整；调整对准人手缺口，不泛说“更多努力”。
5
Proposal for a Two-Week Smaller-Portion Trial。不能用A Guaranteed Solution to All Food Waste，因为无此证据。
6
示例：The library could test a print-preview reminder to reduce pages printed by mistake. Before confirming a job, users would see the number of pages and a clear option to print only the selected section. The aim would be to prevent accidental printing, not to discourage necessary paper use.
The trial would run on two public computers for two weeks. It would require a short instruction sheet and staff help for users who found the new step confusing. A possible risk is that an extra screen could slow down urgent printing. Staff should therefore record both mistakes and delays.
The library could compare wasted pages per print job before and during the trial, while noting changes in demand. It should also collect comments before deciding whether to use the reminder on every computer.
20分：问题目标3、行动5、资源风险4、可比评估4、组织语言4。
7
Before a full rollout, the pilot should have a budget, a risk assessment and a deliverable that can be checked. 三项并列，不把规划写成已完成。6分：信息3，词块2，句法1。
8
The monitoring plan should record benefits as well as expenditure so that cost-effectiveness can be assessed. so that为目的；被动can be assessed准确。6分：信息3，搭配2，句法1。