七至九年级原创英语读写课程 · 8年级上学期 · 第2课
适用与边界：按初中知识依赖循序推进，不冒充学校教材的精确单元顺序。全部短文、情境、题目为自编，不含听力。文中的80与95是本课程练习目标，不是中考分数承诺。
学习目标
- 构成have/has done并掌握常见过去分词。
- 区分经历、当前结果与延续三类完成时意义。
- 准确使用already、yet、ever、never及been/gone。
核心讲解
完成时的观察点在现在
I have lost my key把过去丢失与现在没有钥匙联系起来。I lost my key yesterday只把丢失放在昨天；若只说前者，通常不要再附确定的过去时间yesterday。现在完成时为have/has+过去分词：I have finished；She has finished。否定haven't/hasn't，疑问Have/Has+主语+过去分词?
过去分词规则变化多与过去式相同，但不规则需分开记：go–went–gone；see–saw–seen；write–wrote–written；eat–ate–eaten；take–took–taken；break–broke–broken；be–was/were–been；do–did–done。不能把所有过去式直接放have后。
三类常见意义：经历Have you ever visited a museum?；当前结果I have finished, so I can help you；从过去延续到现在We have lived here for three years。already多用于肯定句“已经”，yet常用于疑问/否定句末“已经/尚未”；ever“曾经”，never“从未”，just“刚刚”。这些是线索，不是脱离语境的机械开关。
have been to表示去过并已回来；have gone to表示去了且尚未回来；have been in表示在某地停留。Where is Ana? She has gone to the library说明她现在不在这里；Ana has been to the library twice讲经历次数。不因to后地点相同而混淆。
本课词汇与搭配
词义按本课语境给出；同一词可能还有其他含义。先遮住中文回忆，再把搭配写入自己的句子，不只抄单词。
| 词或短语 | 本课意思 | 常用搭配或用法 |
|---|---|---|
| already | 已经 | have already finished |
| yet | 尚未 已经 | not yet |
| ever | 曾经 | Have you ever...? |
| never | 从未 | have never seen |
| recently | 最近 | have recently changed |
| complete | 完成 | complete a task |
| achievement | 成就 | a personal achievement |
| improve | 提高 改善 | improve my writing |
| progress | 进步 | make progress |
| experience | 经验 经历 | travel experience |
主题阅读与词汇扩展 旅行经历与出行信息
以下为同课主题拓展的已讲词条，每条包含本课释义、搭配和原创例句。可遮中文回忆，再改写一个例句；不是要求一次背完，也不冒充官方完整词表。
| 词或表达 | 本课意思 | 搭配 | 原创例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| journey | 旅程 | a long journey | The journey took most of the afternoon. |
| abroad | 在国外 到国外 | travel abroad | She has never travelled abroad. |
| passport | 护照 | a valid passport | Check whether a passport is needed. |
| luggage | 行李 | a piece of luggage | Each traveller carries one piece of luggage. |
| suitcase | 手提箱 | pack a suitcase | He packed a small suitcase. |
| departure | 出发 | departure time | The screen shows the departure time. |
| arrival | 到达 | arrival time | Our arrival time changed after the delay. |
| platform | 站台 | on the platform | Passengers wait on the platform. |
| guidebook | 旅行指南 | read a guidebook | The guidebook explains local transport. |
| explore | 探索 | explore a town | We have explored the old town on foot. |
选读脚手架：这段主题阅读用于在语境中复现词汇，不要求初次学习就独立认出所有词。先读后面的中文问题，再找谁、做什么、为什么；未列入词表的难词可查阅或请教师解释，不因出现过一次就计作已掌握。
原创主题短文
Jin has visited several towns with her family, but she has never travelled alone. Before a recent journey, she helped check the departure time and packed a small suitcase. At the station, the family learned that the platform had changed. Jin compared the old ticket information with the current display and asked a staff member to confirm. She later wrote that preparation was useful, but checking an update was just as important.
读写示范问题：“has visited several towns”能否推出她独立旅行经验丰富？
证据解析与迁移：不能，文本明确never travelled alone。完成时的经历要连同否定范围读；准备材料也不自动覆盖出发时的新变化。luggage不可数，用a piece of luggage，不写luggages。
以上是有解析的教学示范，不另计入独立编号练习；计分任务总数见练习区。
例题解析
例1：She has ___ (write) three emails today。has后需过去分词written，不是wrote。today尚在进行时可作为当前时间范围。
例2：—Can I speak to Mr Hu? —He has gone to the station。说话现场他不在，gone合适；been会暗示已去过回来，不能解释当前缺席。
例3：I haven't finished yet。haven't提供否定，yet说明“还没”；不能在否定句再写never而改变原意。
练习
作答要求：除填写答案或写句子外，非写作题均补一句简短理由或原文依据；答案中说明/依据的分数正用于这一步。开放写作按所列量表评分，不必另写语法理由。
共10个编号任务，每题10分，总分100分；一题多空按答案分项给分。第1—8题为基础区80分，目标至少64/80并订正错因；第9—10题为巩固迁移区。冲刺95%以全课得分除以总分计算，至少需95/100，还要求阅读依据可靠、写作切题，不能只背答案。开放题示例不是唯一答案。
1. G8A02-E01
写过去分词：see；go；write；do。
2. G8A02-E02
用现在完成时填空：She ___ (finish) her work, so she can help us now.
3. G8A02-E03
改否定并加yet：I have cleaned my room.
4. G8A02-E04
改为一般疑问句：They have visited the farm.
5. G8A02-E05
选been/gone：—Where is Li? —He has ___ to the shop.
6. G8A02-E06
选been/gone：I have ___ to that town twice.
7. G8A02-E07
改错：She has ate breakfast.
8. G8A02-E08
填already/yet：We have ___ started. Have you started ___?
9. G8A02-E09
阅读：I have made three models this month. The first two broke easily. Today I have finished a stronger one, and it is on my desk now. 能否说三个模型都完好？哪一个的当前状态明确？
10. G8A02-E10
写70词左右学习进展记录，至少两处完成时和一个仍未完成的任务。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1. G8A02-E01 答案
seen；gone；written；done。每项2.5分，过去分词不等同过去式。
2. G8A02-E02 答案
has finished。完成工作带来现在可帮忙的结果；she配has。形式6分，结果关系4分。
3. G8A02-E03 答案
I haven’t cleaned my room yet. yet常置句末，have后加not。结构8分，解释2分。
4. G8A02-E04 答案
Have they visited the farm? have提前；visited保持过去分词。结构8分，说明2分。
5. G8A02-E05 答案
gone。回答当前位置缺席，表示去了还未回。选择5分，依据5分。
6. G8A02-E06 答案
been。twice描述已完成的访问经历。选择5分，理由5分。
7. G8A02-E07 答案
She has eaten breakfast. eat的过去分词是eaten。修改7分，词形说明3分。
8. G8A02-E08 答案
already；yet。前为肯定已开始，后为疑问句末。每空5分。
9. G8A02-E09 答案
不能，前两个broke easily说明不应认定全完好；最新的更结实模型现在在桌上。判断3分，损坏依据3分，当前模型与位置4分。不要把made的累计数量当可用数量。
10. G8A02-E10 答案
示例：This month I have read two short English stories and written a summary of each one. I have also corrected several mistakes in my old notebook. My sentences are clearer now, but I haven’t learned all the new words yet. I plan to review them in groups and use each group in a short paragraph. These small steps help me see my progress. 已做/未做/下一步内容4分，完成时与词形4分，连贯2分。
学习证据与复习
基础区低于64分：返回本课核心讲解，给每个错误贴上“词义、句法、时间、证据、表达”之一，再不看答案重做。达到基础目标：隔两天用不同主语或情境重新造句。冲刺95：将第9题的证据位置和第10题的修改理由写出来；不要把一次满分当成迁移能力。
前置复习：上一课。
课程定位参考：人民教育出版社新版初中英语教材介绍。仅用于教材背景，不表示出版社审核或认可本课程。