七至九年级原创英语读写课程 · 8年级上学期 · 第3课
适用与边界：按初中知识依赖循序推进，不冒充学校教材的精确单元顺序。全部短文、情境、题目为自编，不含听力。文中的80与95是本课程练习目标，不是中考分数承诺。
学习目标
- 根据观察点区分一般过去时与现在完成时。
- 正确使用since、for及延续表达。
- 把短暂动作改写为可与持续时间搭配的状态表达。
核心讲解
何时发生与延续到现在是两种提问
When did you buy the book?问已过去的具体时间；How long have you had it?问拥有状态持续到现在多久。一般过去时可与yesterday、in 2020、last week等已结束时间配合；完成时常连接现在的结果、经验或仍延续的状态。不是有for就必用完成时：I lived there for two years, but now I live here，过去居住已结束。
for+一段时间：for two months；since+起点：since Monday、since 2022。since从句描述起始事件时常用过去时：I have known her since we met。对持续时间提问用How long，不是How often。
buy/borrow/join/die/leave/arrive等常表示短暂发生的动作，先确认对应状态持续至今，肯定完成句若强调持续时长，通常换成状态：buy→have；borrow→keep；join→be a member of/be in；die→be dead；leave→be away；arrive→be here；begin→be on。例如I have kept the book for a week，而非I have borrowed it for a week（常规中学目标表达）。如果是否定“已有多久没发生”，短暂动词可用：I haven't seen him for a month。
used to+原形描述过去常常而现在不再如此；be used to+名词/doing表示习惯于。They used to live here与They are used to living here意义不同。不要看到used就都译为“被使用”。被用于做某事be used to do将在被动课辨析。
本课词汇与搭配
词义按本课语境给出；同一词可能还有其他含义。先遮住中文回忆，再把搭配写入自己的句子，不只抄单词。
| 词或短语 | 本课意思 | 常用搭配或用法 |
|---|---|---|
| since | 自从 | since last year |
| duration | 持续时间 | a long duration |
| own | 拥有 | own a bike |
| keep | 保留 持有 | keep a book for a week |
| member | 成员 | be a member of |
| away | 不在 离开 | be away from home |
| begin | 开始 | begin a lesson |
| dead | 死的 | be dead |
| used to | 过去常常 | used to walk |
| be used to | 习惯于 | be used to getting up early |
主题阅读与词汇扩展 成长中的独立与求助
以下为同课主题拓展的已讲词条，每条包含本课释义、搭配和原创例句。可遮中文回忆，再改写一个例句；不是要求一次背完，也不冒充官方完整词表。
| 词或表达 | 本课意思 | 搭配 | 原创例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| childhood | 童年 | a childhood memory | The photograph brings back a childhood memory. |
| teenager | 青少年 | a group of teenagers | The teenagers organised a small project. |
| independent | 独立的 | become independent | She is becoming more independent. |
| depend | 依靠 | depend on | We sometimes depend on others for help. |
| confidence | 信心 | build confidence | Practice can help build confidence. |
| courage | 勇气 | have the courage to | He had the courage to ask a question. |
| responsible for | 对……负责 | be responsible for | I am responsible for checking the list. |
| grow up | 长大 | grow up in | She grew up in a small town. |
| make progress | 取得进步 | make steady progress | He has made progress in planning his work. |
| on one's own | 独自 | work on my own | I can organise the notes on my own. |
选读脚手架：这段主题阅读用于在语境中复现词汇，不要求初次学习就独立认出所有词。先读后面的中文问题，再找谁、做什么、为什么；未列入词表的难词可查阅或请教师解释，不因出现过一次就计作已掌握。
原创主题短文
When Lan was younger, an adult usually packed her bag. Since the start of this school year, she has checked her own timetable and materials. She still asks for help when a task is unfamiliar. At first she thought independence meant never needing anyone. A class project changed that idea: she completed her part on time and asked a partner to check unclear instructions. She now sees independence as taking responsibility, including knowing when to seek help.
读写示范问题：Lan对独立的理解发生什么变化？哪项行为延续到现在？
证据解析与迁移：从从不求助改为承担责任并适当求助；has checked since本学年开始表示持续习惯。该结论不意味着所有个人任务都应由别人完成，需保留责任与协作的平衡。
以上是有解析的教学示范，不另计入独立编号练习；计分任务总数见练习区。
例题解析
例1：I ___ (meet) her yesterday, but I ___ (know) her for years。meet发生于昨天，填met；know为延续到现在的状态，填have known。
例2：The film began ten minutes ago → The film has been on for ten minutes。前句说起点事件，后句说持续状态。
例3：I lived in Nanchang for three years when I was a child。不改为完成时，因为when I was a child把生活阶段限制在已结束的过去。
练习
作答要求：除填写答案或写句子外，非写作题均补一句简短理由或原文依据；答案中说明/依据的分数正用于这一步。开放写作按所列量表评分，不必另写语法理由。
共10个编号任务，每题10分，总分100分；一题多空按答案分项给分。第1—8题为基础区80分，目标至少64/80并订正错因；第9—10题为巩固迁移区。冲刺95%以全课得分除以总分计算，至少需95/100，还要求阅读依据可靠、写作切题，不能只背答案。开放题示例不是唯一答案。
1. G8A03-E01
填since/for：___ three days；___ Monday；___ we met。
2. G8A03-E02
填空：She ___ (visit) us last Sunday.
3. G8A03-E03
填空：I ___ (live) here since 2021, and I still live here.
4. G8A03-E04
改错：I have bought the bike for two years.
5. G8A03-E05
已知他目前仍是成员，用完成时改写：He joined the club three months ago.
6. G8A03-E06
对She has kept the book for a week中的for a week提问。
7. G8A03-E07
选use形式：I used to ___ (walk/walking) here. I am used to ___ (walk/walking) here.
8. G8A03-E08
解释“I haven’t seen him for a year”能否因see短暂而判错。
9. G8A03-E09
阅读：Kai lived in a village for five years. He moved to the city in 2023 and has lived there since then. He still visits the village each summer. Kai现在住哪？哪段居住结束了？每年回访是否等于一直住村里？
10. G8A03-E10
写70—90词一个习惯的改变，含过去习惯、转折起点、持续到现在的行动和效果。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1. G8A03-E01 答案
for；since；since。时长、时间起点、起始事件分别判断；前两空各3分，第三空及理由4分。
2. G8A03-E02 答案
visited。last Sunday是已结束的明确过去时间。形式6分，依据4分。
3. G8A03-E03 答案
have lived。持续到现在，since给起点。形式6分，延续证据4分。
4. G8A03-E04 答案
I have had the bike for two years. buy是购买瞬间，have表示拥有状态。改句6分，动词意义4分。
5. G8A03-E05 答案
He has been a member of the club for three months. 或He has been in the club for three months. 状态转换6分，for时长4分。
6. G8A03-E06 答案
How long has she kept the book? how long问时长，has提前。结构8分，说明2分。
7. G8A03-E07 答案
walk；walking。used to do与be used to doing含义不同。每空5分。
8. G8A03-E08 答案
不能。这里表示一年里没有发生见面，并非见面动作连续一年；这种否定完成时可以用see。判断4分，范围解释6分。
9. G8A03-E09 答案
现在住城市；村里五年居住已结束；每年访问不等于持续居住。每项3分，时态证据1分。lived与has lived以及moved构成时间线。
10. G8A03-E10 答案
示例：I used to put all my English notes on loose sheets. Last September, I lost an important page before a test. Since then, I have kept my notes in one notebook. I have used a different section for each topic for several months. Now I can find examples quickly, and I am used to checking my notes every Friday. The small change is simple, but it saves me a lot of time. 内容4分，used to/since/for及状态表达4分，时间逻辑2分。
学习证据与复习
基础区低于64分：返回本课核心讲解，给每个错误贴上“词义、句法、时间、证据、表达”之一，再不看答案重做。达到基础目标：隔两天用不同主语或情境重新造句。冲刺95：将第9题的证据位置和第10题的修改理由写出来；不要把一次满分当成迁移能力。
前置复习：上一课。
课程定位参考：人民教育出版社新版初中英语教材介绍。仅用于教材背景，不表示出版社审核或认可本课程。