七至九年级原创英语读写课程 · 8年级下学期 · 第4课
适用与边界：按初中知识依赖循序推进，不冒充学校教材的精确单元顺序。全部短文、情境、题目为自编，不含听力。文中的80与95是本课程练习目标，不是中考分数承诺。
学习目标
- 找出先行词及关系词在从句中的作用。
- 使用who、which、that、whose与常见关系副词。
- 判断何时可省关系词并避免重复主语或宾语。
核心讲解
定语从句回答是哪一个
The boy is my friend信息不足时，可写The boy who is holding a map is my friend。who is holding a map修饰boy，boy叫先行词。关系词既连接从句，又在从句中承担主语或宾语等作用，不能再重复一个he/it。
who主要指人，which主要指物，that可指人或物。The girl who helps me is kind中who作helps的主语，不可省；The book (that) I bought is useful中that作bought宾语，在这类限制性定语从句里常可省。不要写The book that I bought it，因为that已经占了宾语位置。
whose表示所属，后接名词：the student whose bag is blue；也可指物的所属。where表示地点关系，when表示时间关系，但先行词是地点/时间不代表一定选where/when：This is the museum that we visited中visited缺宾语，选that/which；This is the museum where we met中met已完整，where提供“在那里”。This is the day that I remember中remember缺宾语；the day when we met中when提供时间。
本课以无逗号的限制性从句为主，帮助确认具体人/物。带逗号的补充说明型从句规则不同，不能把可省关系词或可用that的规则直接搬过去。选择题应先还原从句：缺人/物主宾→关系代词；不缺主宾但需要地点/时间→考虑where/when。
本课词汇与搭配
词义按本课语境给出；同一词可能还有其他含义。先遮住中文回忆，再把搭配写入自己的句子，不只抄单词。
| 词或短语 | 本课意思 | 常用搭配或用法 |
|---|---|---|
| identify | 识别 确认 | identify a person |
| relative | 相关的 关系的 | a relative clause |
| owner | 主人 所有者 | the owner of |
| belong | 属于 | belong to |
| local | 当地的 | local people |
| traditional | 传统的 | traditional art |
| artist | 艺术家 | a local artist |
| display | 展出 | display a painting |
| object | 物品 | an old object |
| memory | 记忆 | a childhood memory |
主题阅读与词汇扩展 自然景观中的观察与边界
以下为同课主题拓展的已讲词条，每条包含本课释义、搭配和原创例句。可遮中文回忆，再改写一个例句；不是要求一次背完，也不冒充官方完整词表。
| 词或表达 | 本课意思 | 搭配 | 原创例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| waterfall | 瀑布 | a high waterfall | The guide describes a waterfall in the fictional reserve. |
| canyon | 峡谷 | a deep canyon | The map shows a path above the canyon. |
| cliff | 悬崖 | near a cliff | Visitors follow the marked route near the cliff. |
| cave | 洞穴 | a limestone cave | The display includes a model of a cave. |
| peak | 山峰 | a distant peak | Clouds cover the distant peak. |
| landscape | 风景 景观 | a changing landscape | The sketches record the landscape from one viewpoint. |
| scenery | 风景 | beautiful scenery | The visitors admire the scenery from the viewing area. |
| reserve | 自然保护区 | a nature reserve | The fictional reserve has marked visitor routes. |
| erosion | 侵蚀 | signs of erosion | The information board explains erosion with a model. |
| viewpoint | 观景点 | a marked viewpoint | The group stays at the marked viewpoint. |
选读脚手架：这段主题阅读用于在语境中复现词汇，不要求初次学习就独立认出所有词。先读后面的中文问题，再找谁、做什么、为什么；未列入词表的难词可查阅或请教师解释，不因出现过一次就计作已掌握。
原创主题短文
In a fictional nature reserve, visitors follow a path that leads to a viewing area above a canyon. A guide points out a waterfall whose shape changes in different photographs. The photographs were taken in different seasons, so the group does not assume that one picture shows the landscape forever. A student asks whether they can leave the path for a closer view. The guide explains the visitor boundary and offers another marked viewpoint instead.
读写示范问题：which/that与whose分别可连接哪些信息？更近的视角是否自动获准？
证据解析与迁移：path that leads...用关系词作主语；waterfall whose shape...表所属。观景必须遵守已给边界，想看清不等于允许离道。虚构自然场景不提供真实景区路线保证。
以上是有解析的教学示范，不另计入独立编号练习；计分任务总数见练习区。
例题解析
例1：The woman ___ teaches us art is patient。从句缺主语且先行词为人，可用who/that，不能省。
例2：This is the camera ___ I borrowed。I已为主语，borrowed缺宾语，which/that或省略均可。
例3：The room where we read is quiet。还原we read in the room，where承担地点作用；与the room that we cleaned（cleaned缺宾语）不同。
练习
作答要求：除填写答案或写句子外，非写作题均补一句简短理由或原文依据；答案中说明/依据的分数正用于这一步。开放写作按所列量表评分，不必另写语法理由。
共10个编号任务，每题10分，总分100分；一题多空按答案分项给分。第1—8题为基础区80分，目标至少64/80并订正错因；第9—10题为巩固迁移区。冲刺95%以全课得分除以总分计算，至少需95/100，还要求阅读依据可靠、写作切题，不能只背答案。开放题示例不是唯一答案。
1. G8B04-E01
填who/which：The boy ___ helps us lives nearby.
2. G8B04-E02
填that/whose：The girl ___ father is a teacher won the prize.
3. G8B04-E03
改错：The book that I bought it is interesting.
4. G8B04-E04
判断关系词能否省：The student who sits here is absent.
5. G8B04-E05
判断关系词能否省：The pen that I lost was blue.
6. G8B04-E06
填which/where：This is the park ___ we visited yesterday.
7. G8B04-E07
填which/where：This is the park ___ we met yesterday.
8. G8B04-E08
合并：I know the woman. She designed the poster.
9. G8B04-E09
阅读：The museum shows tools that local workers used fifty years ago. One visitor found a basket whose handle had been repaired by her grandfather. 哪个从句修饰tools？whose指谁的把手？能推出所有工具都由祖父修复吗？
10. G8B04-E10
写80—100词介绍一个虚构社区展览，至少三处定语从句，准确区分人、物、所属。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1. G8B04-E01 答案
who（that也可）。先行词人，关系词作从句主语。形式6分，作用4分。
2. G8B04-E02 答案
whose。表示女孩的父亲，whose后接father构成所属。选择6分，含义4分。
3. G8B04-E03 答案
The book that I bought is interesting. 删除重复宾语it。改句6分，关系词作用4分。
4. G8B04-E04 答案
不能按本课限制性从句规则省。who作sits主语，删除会缺从句主语。判断4分，作用6分。
5. G8B04-E05 答案
可以省：The pen I lost was blue. that作lost宾语，从句仍有I主语。判断4分，改句3分，理由3分。
6. G8B04-E06 答案
which（that也可）。visited缺宾语，“我们参观公园”，不是仅需要地点状语。选择5分，缺项分析5分。
7. G8B04-E07 答案
where。we met结构完整，需要在那里这一地点关系；也可in which但不是本题单词选项。选择5分，解释5分。
8. G8B04-E08 答案
I know the woman who/that designed the poster. woman为先行词，关系词代替She。合并8分，说明2分。
9. G8B04-E09 答案
that local workers used fifty years ago修饰tools；whose指basket的把手；不能，祖父修复仅指该篮子把手。各3分，范围说明1分。
10. G8B04-E10 答案
示例：Our community has opened a small exhibition of everyday objects. A woman who lived here as a child brought an old schoolbag. The tools that her father used are displayed beside it. Another visitor shared a notebook whose pages contain family recipes. There is also a corner where people can write short memories. I like the exhibition because the objects connect ordinary lives with local history. The volunteers who work there ask visitors to look carefully and avoid touching the displays. 内容4分，三类关系从句4分，介绍清晰2分。
学习证据与复习
基础区低于64分：返回本课核心讲解，给每个错误贴上“词义、句法、时间、证据、表达”之一，再不看答案重做。达到基础目标：隔两天用不同主语或情境重新造句。冲刺95：将第9题的证据位置和第10题的修改理由写出来；不要把一次满分当成迁移能力。
前置复习：上一课。
课程定位参考：人民教育出版社新版初中英语教材介绍。仅用于教材背景，不表示出版社审核或认可本课程。