七至九年级原创英语读写课程 · 8年级下学期 · 第1课
适用与边界：按初中知识依赖循序推进，不冒充学校教材的精确单元顺序。全部短文、情境、题目为自编，不含听力。文中的80与95是本课程练习目标，不是中考分数承诺。
学习目标
- 区分动作执行者与承受者，理解主动被动的信息焦点。
- 构成一般现在和一般过去时被动并保持主语数一致。
- 在过程介绍中选择有必要的被动表达。
核心讲解
谁做与什么被做
主动句Students clean the room强调学生做清扫；被动句The room is cleaned by students强调教室被清扫。原宾语the room成为新主语，谓语采用be+过去分词，原主语可放by后，不重要或不明确时可省略。被动不是简单在动词前加is：时态、主语数和过去分词都要检查。
一般现在时被动am/is/are done：The books are checked every week。一般过去时被动was/were done：The bridge was built last year。否定在be后加not；疑问把be提前。选be时看新主语，不看by后的执行者：The cake was made by two students。
主动转被动五步：找宾语→作主语→确定原时态→选对应be+过去分词→必要时补by执行者。只有可带宾语的相关动词用法才能这样转；happen、take place、arrive等通常不及物，不能写The accident was happened。系表结构也不是被动：The soup tastes good，不写is tasted good。
be made of常用于材料可辨，be made from常用于材料经过较明显变化；be made in讲产地，be made by讲制作者。这些是常用表达角度，不是用肉眼能否看见的绝对科学分类。介绍手工作品时可写材料、制作步骤、用途，已知并重要的执行者也可直接用主动句。
本课词汇与搭配
词义按本课语境给出；同一词可能还有其他含义。先遮住中文回忆，再把搭配写入自己的句子，不只抄单词。
| 词或短语 | 本课意思 | 常用搭配或用法 |
|---|---|---|
| produce | 生产 | be produced in |
| material | 材料 | recycled material |
| wood | 木材 | be made of wood |
| metal | 金属 | a metal box |
| cotton | 棉花 棉布 | a cotton shirt |
| build | 建造 | be built in |
| grow | 种植 生长 | tea is grown |
| process | 过程 加工 | a simple process |
| by hand | 手工 | make by hand |
| take place | 发生 举行 | the meeting takes place |
主题阅读与词汇扩展 休闲手工与过程介绍
以下为同课主题拓展的已讲词条，每条包含本课释义、搭配和原创例句。可遮中文回忆，再改写一个例句；不是要求一次背完，也不冒充官方完整词表。
| 词或表达 | 本课意思 | 搭配 | 原创例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| craft | 手工艺 | a craft activity | The craft activity uses clean waste paper. |
| fold | 折叠 | fold a sheet | Fold the sheet along the marked line. |
| weave | 编织 | weave a small mat | The demonstrator shows how to weave a small mat. |
| clay | 黏土 | a clay model | A clay model is displayed on the table. |
| thread | 线 | a piece of thread | The tag is tied with a piece of thread. |
| needle | 针 | a sewing needle | The needle is handled only under suitable supervision. |
| pattern | 图案 模式 | a simple pattern | The pattern is repeated around the edge. |
| texture | 质地 | a rough texture | The paper has a rough texture. |
| handmade | 手工制作的 | a handmade card | Each guest receives a handmade card. |
| creativity | 创造力 | develop creativity | The task leaves room for creativity. |
选读脚手架：这段主题阅读用于在语境中复现词汇，不要求初次学习就独立认出所有词。先读后面的中文问题，再找谁、做什么、为什么；未列入词表的难词可查阅或请教师解释，不因出现过一次就计作已掌握。
原创主题短文
At a leisure workshop, students make cards from reused paper. The paper is sorted by thickness before the activity begins. A simple folded model is shown, but students are not required to copy every colour or pattern. Some write a message, and others add a drawing. At the end, the class explains which materials were reused and why each design was chosen. The cards are judged for clear communication and care, not for looking identical.
读写示范问题：过程中的被动句为何自然？作品评价是否要求完全相同？
证据解析与迁移：读者关心纸如何分类、模型如何展示，因此被动突出材料步骤；明确不要求颜色图案完全一样。用is sorted/is shown描述两步，再用主动句解释自己的选择。
以上是有解析的教学示范，不另计入独立编号练习；计分任务总数见练习区。
例题解析
例1：People grow tea here → Tea is grown here。tea不可数用is，grow过去分词grown；people泛指，by people可以省。
例2：Two students repaired the chair yesterday → The chair was repaired by two students yesterday。新主语chair单数且过去时间，用was。
例3：A meeting took place yesterday不用was taken place。take place在该意义不带受事宾语，不能套主动变被动步骤。
练习
作答要求：除填写答案或写句子外，非写作题均补一句简短理由或原文依据；答案中说明/依据的分数正用于这一步。开放写作按所列量表评分，不必另写语法理由。
共10个编号任务，每题10分，总分100分；一题多空按答案分项给分。第1—8题为基础区80分，目标至少64/80并订正错因；第9—10题为巩固迁移区。冲刺95%以全课得分除以总分计算，至少需95/100，还要求阅读依据可靠、写作切题，不能只背答案。开放题示例不是唯一答案。
1. G8B01-E01
转被动：Students clean the windows every Friday.
2. G8B01-E02
填空：This bridge ___ (build) in 2010.
3. G8B01-E03
填空：The letters ___ (send) yesterday.
4. G8B01-E04
改否定：The room is cleaned daily.
5. G8B01-E05
改为一般疑问句：The chair was repaired.
6. G8B01-E06
改错：The accident was happened last night.
7. G8B01-E07
填of/in/by：The wooden table was made ___ wood ___ a student ___ our school.
8. G8B01-E08
解释为何Tea is grown here通常可省by people。
9. G8B01-E09
阅读：The club collected old shirts. The fabric was cut into squares, and the squares were sewn into bags by volunteers. The bags were given to visitors. 袋子由什么制成？谁缝制？谁收到？
10. G8B01-E10
写80—100词介绍一种自制收纳盒：材料、三个步骤、用途，至少两处恰当被动。
参考答案与解析 · 完成练习后展开
参考答案与解析
1. G8B01-E01 答案
The windows are cleaned by students every Friday. windows复数、习惯现在。主语3分，are cleaned5分，执行者及说明2分。
2. G8B01-E02 答案
was built。单数bridge，明确过去时间，build分词built。形式6分，依据4分。
3. G8B01-E03 答案
were sent。letters复数，yesterday过去，send分词sent。形式6分，说明4分。
4. G8B01-E04 答案
The room is not cleaned daily. not放is后，不借does。结构8分，说明2分。
5. G8B01-E05 答案
Was the chair repaired? be过去式提前。结构8分，说明2分。
6. G8B01-E06 答案
The accident happened last night. happen不及物，此处不能被动。修改6分，理由4分。
7. G8B01-E07 答案
of；by；in。材料、执行者、地点各自不同。每项3分，区分1分。
8. G8B01-E08 答案
people为泛指执行者，重点是茶的种植地点，省去不影响关键信息。焦点5分，省略理由5分。
9. G8B01-E09 答案
旧衬衫的布料；志愿者缝制；访客收到。各3分，说明by标执行者而to标接受者1分。不能把visitors误作制作者。
10. G8B01-E10 答案
示例：Our class made small storage boxes from used cartons. First, each carton was checked to make sure it was clean and dry. Next, the top was cut carefully by our teacher. We covered the outside with old coloured paper and added a label. Finally, the boxes were placed on our desks. They are used to hold pencils, rulers and small notes. Making them helped us organise our materials without buying new containers. The design is simple, so we can repair a box easily when it breaks. 内容4分，主动被动及分词4分，过程与用途清晰2分。涉及工具的实际操作应遵循教师指导；本题评英语。
学习证据与复习
基础区低于64分：返回本课核心讲解，给每个错误贴上“词义、句法、时间、证据、表达”之一，再不看答案重做。达到基础目标：隔两天用不同主语或情境重新造句。冲刺95：将第9题的证据位置和第10题的修改理由写出来；不要把一次满分当成迁移能力。
前置复习：上一课。
课程定位参考：人民教育出版社新版初中英语教材介绍。仅用于教材背景，不表示出版社审核或认可本课程。