04 定语从句：限定、补充和准确指代

建议位置：高1·上；原创能力递进，不等同于学校实际学期/人教版单元。只训练书面英语。每个编号计一道练习；编号内小项不重复计数。

学习目标

• 通过先行词在从句中的成分选择关系词
• 区分限定性与非限定性从句的意义
• 处理介词加关系词、whose及关系词省略
• 在“人物、关系与协作”语境中区分常用词义、搭配并完成新的书面迁移。

核心讲解

1. 不看中文“的”，看从句缺什么

The researcher who designed the tool visited us：从句缺主语，who 指人。The tool which we tested worked well：从句缺宾语，可用 which/that，限定性从句中可省。The laboratory where we tested the tool is small：从句主谓宾齐全，缺地点状语，可用 where/in which。比较：the laboratory which we visited，visited 缺宾语，不能用 where。

2. 标点改变信息范围

Students who need help should stay. 只要求“需要帮助的学生”留下。The students, who need help, should stay. 补充说明这群学生都需要帮助。非限定性从句前后用逗号，不能用 that，关系词不能省略。which 还能指前面整件事：The bus was cancelled, which delayed our arrival。

3. 介词与所属

The person to whom I spoke… 较正式；The person who/whom/that I spoke to… 较口语，宾语关系词可省。介词直接提前时不用 that。whose 后接名词，既可指人也可指物：a project whose aim is clear。不能把 which 和 it 同时用于同一缺口：the book which I bought it 错。

主题词汇拓展：人物、关系与协作

下面的词条按本课情境扩展意义与搭配，不是课标完整词表。先把词分成“人/物、行动、性质/关系”三组；同一中文词不保证英语可互换。每条搭配示范本课采用的义项。读完语境再做新增的两项迁移题；能认出词义但不能在句中正确使用时，仍应保留为待复习项。

本课词汇与搭配

阅读材料

主题词汇语境：人物、关系与协作

The apprentice whose model was displayed at the workshop thanked a colleague who had helped her choose materials. Their supervisor, who valued mutual respect, asked them to acknowledge every contribution. A professional carpenter and an amateur designer then discussed the model. They disagreed about one joint, but a respectful exchange helped them reach a compromise. Collaboration did not require identical opinions; it required a clear account of why each person preferred a design.

例题解析

例 1 This is the day ___ we met. → met 不缺宾语，空格表时间，用 when/on which。若改成 This is the day ___ I will never forget，则 forget 缺宾语，用 which/that 或省略。

例 2 The museum, which reopened last month, has a new gallery. → reopened 的主语由 which 承担；逗号说明重开是附加信息，不能换 that。

例 3 We met a scientist whose work focuses on water quality. → work 与 scientist 有所属关系，whose 不能换为 who。

练习

1. 分别填关系词：a town ___ we visited；a town ___ we stayed for a week。

2. 合并为限定性定语从句：I interviewed a student. Her design won first prize.

3. 改错：The article which I read it yesterday explains the problem.

4. 改写正式结构：The person I sent the application to has replied. 要求把介词提前。

5. 解释意义差别：My brothers who live in Shanghai are teachers. / My brothers, who live in Shanghai, are teachers.

6. 填词并分析指代：The team changed its plan twice, ___ made the preparation more difficult.

7. 【主题词汇·辨义】根据语境区分：①工作同单位的人；②学技能的初学学徒；③没有亲密交情的熟人；④对某领域有专门知识的人。各选本组最贴切词。

8. 【主题词汇·迁移】用两个定语从句介绍一个合作项目：一句用who，一句用whose；至少使用collaborate、contribution、supervisor中的两个词。